yacht sail material

What Are Sails Made Of? (And What's Right For You)

What Are Sails Made Of | Life of Sailing

Last Updated by

Daniel Wade

June 15, 2022

Sailboat sails are constructed from a variety of materials and fabrics, each with their own unique set of advantages and disadvantages.

Many are designed to provide resiliency from weather conditions that could include constant sunlight and wind abrasion, while still others offer optimal weight distribution and a greater degree of maneuverability.

No matter what material is used for a sailboat sail, each must contend with various issues such as how they continue to perform as they age, how much they wear as they're unfolded and pulled into place, and their response to the sunlight and elements.

All of these considerations factor into choosing the perfect sail for any given situation, with a multitude of fabrics, materials, and options to select from.

Table of contents

What fibers do sails use?

The fibers from which sailboat sails are made could include any number of natural or synthetic materials, that can range from cotton, flax, or hemp, to polyester, nylon, and more. Deciding upon the right one usually depends on what type of sailboat you are using or your reason for sailing.

The most common material used in sails is also the most budget-friendly, known as "Dacron" within sailing communities, it's more often referred to as polyester by the rest of the world.

While this is a very typical choice among recreational and casual sailors, when it comes to more demanding needs, the fabrics and materials can get as exotic as kevlar, mylar, or carbon instead.

Sail Durability

While all sails have their benefits and strong points, some are more durable and sturdy than others. For example, laminate sails which are constructed from multiple layers of film glued together, are able to withstand extremely high wind speeds and are also very resistant to damage from the sun's UV rays.

Those in search of a long-lasting and durable product may find laminate sails to be their ideal option, despite the higher price point. It also isn't uncommon to find companies that offer products developed from a combination of materials, such as those developed from aramid-kevlar or numerous other custom-made fabrics.

Performance Sails

Performance sailing carries with it a unique set of demands that aren't usually shared among casual or recreational sailors. Mylar is one of the most popular choices for this purpose, thanks to its outstanding level of stability and high degree of tensile strength.

This makes it a sought-after choice for those involved in racing or simply anyone looking for a tight and accurate response. The material used in a sailboat sail is commonly referred to as "sailcloth" and can be woven, spun, or even molded into place (as with laminates).

Sail Measurable Factors

Fibers are the heart and soul of each type of sailing fabric, with a wide variety of performance factors that come into play. Cost-effectiveness is one very common consideration, measuring both the initial price of the sail, as well as how expensive it can be over the course of time.

Another measurable factor of the performance of sail fabric is known as "creep", which has to do with how much a sail tends to lose its shape over consistent and continued use. Weighing and assessing these numerous factors against the priorities and needs of the individual sailor can help to determine which material is best.

Flex Strength

Flex strength is a term used to indicate the capability of a given sail (and the material from which it's made) to maintain its strength after having been folded back and forth throughout the course of normal use.

It isn't uncommon for performance sailboats and racing boats to feature sails that need changing more frequently than those on other sailboats, and for this reason generally have a lower flex strength.

Not only is polyester fiber one of the most resilient and affordable choices, but it also has the added benefit of featuring excellent flex strength. This makes it an optimal material for casual sailing (often called "cruising", or "cruise sailing") on a regular and ongoing basis.

UV Resistance

One of the most UV resistant forms of sailboat sails available on the market comes from those manufactured using carbon fiber, which is virtually unaffected whatsoever by the sun's powerful and potentially damaging rays.

Carbon Fiber Sails

There is a wide spectrum of carbon fiber materials that exist for sailboat sails that can vary from nearly no stretch whatsoever, to highly flexible and durable sails which are comparable to other commonly used materials such as aramid.

While carbon fiber clearly ranks at the very top of available materials in terms of performance, its main detriment is the high degree of degradation it suffers due to flexing when compared with materials such as polyester. Thanks to its industry-leading performance and UV protection, carbon fiber also finds itself as one of the most expensive options on the market for sailing materials.

Polyester Sails

Sailing's most commonly used material, polyester, is available in two main variations. PET, short for polyethylene terephthalate, is the number-one most common fiber used in the world of sailing today.

Long having been replaced by stronger fibers when it comes to racing and performance, it remains a highly coveted option due to its resistance to abrasion and very low cost.

Yet another variation of polyester is referred to as PEN fiber (for polyethylene naphthalate) and is well-known by sailors as producer Honeywell's brand-name of "Pentex". PEN fibers are not considered to be lightweight, and stretch only about half as much as PET fibers while being just 1/5 better in overall strength.

Aramid Sails

On the other end of the spectrum is a fiber known as aramid, which is very lightweight yet also extremely resistant to stretching.

It features a very high breaking strength, and for this reason is a highly popular choice for racing sails.

It's commonplace to find aramid fibers blended with the even less stretchy and higher strength carbon, or used in laminate cruising sails.

Though considered to be somewhat of an exotic material, aramid is still moderately priced and can often be purchased for much less than carbon or other fibers.

Nylon Sails

Spinnakers are a unique type of sailboat with their own set of ideals when it comes to finding the right sail fabric. One of the most common choices is nylon, which is usually quite cheap, fairly lightweight, and boasts a surprising amount of strength.

Nylon can be very durable, while also offering a formidable amount of protection against UV rays.

Spectra Sails

Another very common option when it comes to spinnaker sailing is spectra, which provides superior UV protection and breaking strength along with high flex strength and very low stretch. As the sail ages however, it can give way to a change in shape as a result of permanent elongation with sustained use.

Signs Of Wear

As sails are used, they eventually tend to show signs of wear that include stretching in high load sections. This can cause steering to become more difficult while also impacting the shape and effectiveness of the sail.

By selecting sail materials that are more resilient to winds and have greater strength levels, these negative influences can be kept to a minimum.

Today's modern sails are expertly crafted to the highest standards of detail and precision, thus being capable to contend with harsh conditions far better than sails used long ago.

The History Of Sails

Animal skin sails.

It is highly likely that the earliest sailboat sails were fashioned from animal skins, used on raft-like craft and dating back as far as 3300 BCE.

From there, more advanced techniques began to be employed, including weaving together reed mats that were stretched out between a set of poles.

By the time France, England, and Spain began duking it on on the high-seas over naval supremacy, sailcloth had started being fashioned from weaving together flax fiber for a reliable and consistent hold.

Eventually, this method would later be replaced with cotton sails for its improved quality and canvas.

Cotton Sails

The use of cotton as sail material had its advantages over flax and hemp, but not without its own set of unique drawbacks. Although cotton would be able to maintain its shape better and keep less wind from getting through, it also tended to be extremely rigid and stiff which made it challenging to steer in harsh or windy conditions.

Popularity of cotton sails soon caught fire worldwide in 1851, shortly after a United States racing yacht by the name of America soundly defeated a fleet of British yachts in competition (at the time, an unheard of feat). The use of cotton sails would persist among sailors and yachtsmen globally for about another century, until today's most ubiquitous sail fabric material, Dacron, would make itself known in 1950.

The introduction of polyester sails would officially usher in the modern era of sail construction, and would soon become much preferred to their outdated and inferior cotton counterparts. Sold under the"Dacron" moniker in the U.S. and by the name "Terylene" in the U.K., these new sails were able to keep their shape for years at a time - a stark contrast to the previously used cotton equivalent. The heat pressing process of these sails helped to deliver a higher degree of strength, while also providing a much improved lightweight design. Thanks to the way these fabrics are manufactured and treated, the impeccably smooth surface allowed nearly no air whatsoever to escape through pores or holes in the material.

Sail Grouping

Overall, there exist two main categories that sails fall into; those being fore-and-aft sails (which are generally triangular in shape) and square sails. These are further distinguished by being either primary sails which serve as the main propellant of the ship, or secondary sails that serve to assist it.

Sails are also grouped by function, such as summer or tropical weather sailing , cruising, storm sails and more, which can help narrow down the most appropriate construction materials to use. Modern synthetic fibers make up the vast majority of sail fabrics in use today, and there are configurations tailored to every kind of sail and sailboat on the water.

Sail Construction

Sailcloths can be constructed in numerous ways, but are typically either woven or pressed together in a film of some sort (such as a laminate).

Breakthroughs in the world of sailcloth materials are taking place all the time, with experimental and innovative fibers hitting the market to accommodate nearly every type of sailor or sailboat imaginable.

It's hard to argue that we've come a very long way from the early days of the vikings, who set sail across Iceland and Scandinavia in the 19th century using sails made of wool.

Today's composite materials have risen enormously in complexity, with entire lines of trademarked and patented custom fabrics and materials from businesses all around the world.

Choosing The Right Sail

Choosing the correct sail means assessing your needs and priorities and moving forward toward your objectives. Even more variations of sails exist within the categories already mentioned, such as panelled sails which are a unique variety of laminate sail.

There are also fiber path and membrane sails, which each employee specific production in manufacturing techniques to achieve a consistent and reliable bond. Dyneema is one example of a widely known and used proprietary fabric, produced by Dutch firm DSM, and is growing in popularity both as a standalone fabric in its own right as well as a supportive material when combined with carbon. A near endless number of weaves exist, including the "DCX" Dacron, "D4" Load Path, " Square" Sailcloth, and more.

Sail Suppliers

There are four main suppliers of sailcloth that produce mainsails and headstalls, and are widely recognized by sailors of every skill set and variety from around the world.

These include Challenge Sailcloth, Bainbridge International, Contender Sailcloth, and Dimension Polyant.

Having a near Limitless abundance of cloths, materials, and state-of-the-art manufacturing techniques means that today's new and experienced sailors alike will thankfully not be limited when it comes to finding and selecting the perfect fabric and materials to complete their sailboat configuration.

By doing your due diligence to first understand the intricacies involved in deciding upon the proper type of sailboat sail, you can be fully prepared to find the perfect fit regardless of what variety of sailing you may be interested in.

I've personally had thousands of questions about sailing and sailboats over the years. As I learn and experience sailing, and the community, I share the answers that work and make sense to me, here on Life of Sailing.

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Sail Materials 101

By Joe Cooper
Updated: August 26, 2020

One of the largest expenditures a cruising sailor will ever face is upgrading the yacht’s power plant. Not the one under the companionway—the ones set off the mast. As a former sail consultant for Hood Sails, I know that when it comes to new sails, cost is a primary concern for many sailors. The cheapest sails, however, aren’t always the best value.

Sailmakers and sailcloth manufacturers understand the importance of knowing how the customer’s boat and sails will be used. In addition to price, other criteria sailors should consider are durability , over time or miles; ease of handling when flaking; in some instances, the sail’s weight (can the owner, if necessary, move it around on deck?); and, in the case of an overlapping headsail, its chafe resistance. And, of course, a new suit of sails should be able to withstand the occasional “Uh-oh” moment and have the ability to be regularly reefed and still retain proper shape, which is imperative.

If you’re in the market for a new sail, you need to understand the various options available, both in types of sail materials and in sail design, so you can pose the right questions to your sailmaker and understand their recommendations before purchasing.

Since the 1950s, the default material for cruising sails has been Dacron sailcloth. But as boats got larger and more performance oriented—and their sails became highly loaded— sailmakers and cloth manufacturers developed and used fabrics that could better retain their shape. Today, sailors have essentially two material options, Dacron or laminates, the latter of which are built using a variety of specialized fibers.

In the United States and abroad, four major suppliers of sailcloth—Dimension Polyant, Bainbridge International, Challenge Sailcloth, and Contender Sailcloth—provide sailmakers with Dacron and laminate cloths and related materials to build strong, state-of-the-art headsails and mainsails.

Reliable, Affordable Dacron Sailcloth

Dacron sails are made from polyester fiber, which exhibits two primary sets of engineering properties: either high or low tenacity. The strengths of these fibers include their initial recovery from stretch; the break load for their size; resistance to chafe, exposure to ultraviolet light, and flex; reasonable cost; and minimal shrinkage when heated. High-tenacity fiber is superior for sails in every category, but it costs more, which is why there’s a wide discrepancy in price between low-tenacity Dacron sailcloth and its high-quality counterpart.

Obviously, high-tenacity Dacron makes better cruising sails. The cost difference between a “value” cloth and a “premium” one, both from the same supplier, can be significant, close to 100 percent for some 8-ounce Dacron sail fabric that I’ve seen ($7 per yard versus nearly $15 per yard). Today, however, most sailcloth manufactured for the U.S. market is high-tenacity.

Dacron sailcloth that’s suitable for use in a crosscut sail is by far the most widely produced. Crosscut construction is easily the simplest way for a sailmaker to build any sail. It essentially involves stitching together horizontal panels of cloth that are stacked from the foot to the head.

Cloth for this style of construction is commonly called fill-oriented . The “fill” is the fiber that runs across the roll of cloth and, in the case of crosscut sails, is the thicker and less crimped direction. ( Crimp refers to the S-curves caused by the weaving process.) When producing this cloth, the fill is pre-tensioned in the weaving process, and each strand of yarn is kept relatively short, since the width of a roll of cloth measures, at most, 6 feet. On the other hand, the warp—the thread that’s woven through the fill—might measure a couple of hundred feet in length.

Crosscut construction wastes very little cloth and is the fastest way to fabricate a sail; the seams between panels also offer many opportunities to design shape in the sail. The vast majority of modern boats use Dacron sails.

Recently, Challenge Sailcloth developed a Dacron product for use in radial-panel layout. North Sails also has its own version of Dacron, called Radian. In both materials, the warp, or long yarns, are or should be thicker than the fill.

Radial polyester fabric provides sailmakers with the opportunity to design and build triradial sails in woven material. Why is this important? The simple answer is that Dacron is the most durable fabric in absolute terms and that the radial-construction option can accommodate the higher loads placed upon larger or more performance-oriented sails. Sailmakers orient the sail’s panels to derive the shape of the sail and retain it over time. The radial corners are intended to minimize the so-called bias load —the 45-degree axis diagonally across the roll. The point to remember is that if you’re in the market for a sail, remember that the sailcloth in a triradial sail and the sailcloth in a crosscut sail are woven differently and aren’t interchangeable. Discuss the pros and cons of each with your sailmaker before placing an order.

Understanding Laminate Sail Materials

Laminated sails were first introduced in the early 1970s. The Australian 12-Meter Southern Cross tried using Kevlar fibers laminated to film and built as a crosscut sail before the 1974 America’s Cup. These early attempts at laminated sails proved to be unreliable—they were prone to break without notice—and were never used in competition. However, sailmakers realized the potential, and since then, building sails using several versions of laminated fabric has become the default fabrication method for racing and high-performance sails. The goal is a stretch-resistant, shape-holding, lighter sail that’s still affordable.

With laminate sails, there are many more components to the cloth, and sailmakers market their products under different names, which can be confusing. But reduced to the basics, the elements of laminated sailcloth are not unlike the components in the layup of a fiberglass boat; these include fibers, an adhesive, and a core.

Currently, there are eight different fibers used in sailmaking: carbon fiber, Spectra/Dyneema, Twaron, Technora, Kevlar, Vectran, polyester, and Pentax (which is basically “Dacron on steroids”). Only three of these—Dacron, Vectran, and Spectra—can be readily woven into a viable sail fabric. The remaining fibers are incorporated into a fabric in two basic ways; more on this in a moment.

Mylar film, the sheet form of polyester, is at the core of laminate sails. The film acts as a base to which everything else is glued to form the finished product. In addition, there is a specialized fabric called taffeta that’s used to provide chafe protection to the Mylar, as Mylar alone isn’t particularly durable and doesn’t respond well to chafe or sunlight. Taffeta, a woven polyester fabric consisting of small-diameter fibers, is glued onto the Mylar film—sometimes on one side, sometimes on both, depending on the sail’s intended use.

Finally, there’s a layer called the scrim . This is a combination of fibers—made entirely of Spectra, a Spectra/carbon blend, or consisting of other materials—driven by the sail’s intended use. The fibers in a scrim are assembled in combinations of angles in relation to each other and with different degrees of separations between the fibers. The scrim is designed to support the various secondary loads at work on a sail.

Historically, laminated sails of any construction method were usually replaced when the fibers delaminated from the film or the film itself broke down. Better glues and application methods, and the introduction of taffeta, largely addressed these two problems. Today, it’s virtually unheard of for a sail to fail because the fiber collapsed.

Two fundamental ways exist to make the laminate sail fabric. In one, the entire fabric is manufactured by a cloth company and arrives at the loft as a roll, known as roll goods . In building sails with roll goods, the laminated cloth is cut into panels that are then sewn together in one of three patterns: triradial, biradial, or crosscut. From the consumer’s perspective, panel configuration, for the most part, is a low priority, although there may be a small price difference among them. Your sailmaker can provide more information.

Load-Path Sails

Prior to the late 1980s and the introduction of North’s 3DL sails—so-called molded sails —sailmakers and cloth manufacturers were working on their own versions of what has become known as load-path or string sails , which is the other way of making a laminate fabric. Essentially, continuous fibers are glued down on a Mylar film in computer-generated paths engineered to handle the loads placed on the sail. Load-path construction eliminates the break in the fibers present in a sail fabricated from roll goods, where at each seam the fibers terminate and start again in the next panel.

CAD stands for computer-aided design, and CAM stands for computer-aided manufacturing; the shape of a load path sail is designed using the CAD elements of a CAD/CAM system. There are two stages to the sail-design process: aerodynamic shaping and engineering. After the sail is both designed and engineered, the basic sail skin, or Mylar, is crosscut; then each panel is glued to its mate using high-strength glue. With the film spread flat on a floor, the fibers are overlaid onto the Mylar sheet. Different sailmakers use proprietary techniques to unite the glue, the fiber, and the film as a working sail.

The one exception to this flat-floor method is North’s 3DL product, in its various versions. At North, the Mylar film is still cut and glued together, but it’s then laid onto the mold, a huge articulating machine that’s programmed to assume the same shape as the finished sail. The fibers and the rest of the components are laid onto the film on the mold using computer-controlled tooling. The whole sail is then pressurized and heated in much the same way as a hull or spar is produced in an autoclave.

These load-path sails thus combine making the sail with making the fabric , as both occur at the same time. Once the complete skin or membrane is cooked, it’s removed from the mold, and then the rest of the sail’s components—batten pockets, luff tape, numbers and lettering, headboard, and so on—are incorporated into a finished product.

Placing an Order for New Sails

Sailors have many things to consider when contemplating the purchase of new sails, especially laminated ones, but there are a few things to remember.

Generally speaking, in terms of durability, most sailmakers assume that three to five years is a reasonable life span for laminated sails, though many have clients who’ve gotten many more years of service. Incredibly, the threshold for many high-performance racing laminates is measured in hours.

For the most part, load-path sails feel smoother. In the assembly of the many panels of the sail made from roll goods—a practice in which the pieces are glued together by hand, which is an acquired, imperfect skill—the finished product can feel bumpy, and the seams often don’t lie flat when the sail is flying. These issues are minimized with load-path sails.

Pricewise, load-path sails are generally more expensive but retain their original shape longer. Their performance is better right out of the bag. And load-path sails are considerably lighter than laminate sails built with other methods.

We’ve introduced many terms and technologies here, but when you go to order sails, the list of items you need to communicate to your sailmaker are straightforward. Be clear about how you actually use your boat—how much, if ever, you race or head offshore; how often you sail in heavy weather; how long you intend on keeping the boat; the true-wind conditions of your most frequent cruising grounds. And of course, be crystal clear about your budget.

Sailmakers are, at heart, sailors themselves, and they love shooting the breeze about boats and sailing. Find one you trust. The ever-evolving technology in sailcloth and construction is fascinating, but at the end of the day, as with most transactions, buying sails is about forging relationships.

Joe Cooper is a former sailmaker who’s sailed and raced boats ranging from dinghies to America’s Cup contenders. Currently a sailing coach and consultant, he lives in Middletown, Rhode Island.

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The Sail Cloth and Material Techniques

Discover the world of sail cloth and materials, and how they can impact the performance and durability of your sails. Gain insights into the different types of materials and construction techniques used in sailmaking.

Welcome to our unique and adventurous website, dedicated to those who are leaving the rat race behind, purchasing a boat, and setting sail to explore the world with their families. Our site is a comprehensive resource for all things related to this lifestyle, providing practical advice, personal stories, and insightful guides to help our readers navigate this exciting journey.

In this article, we will delve into the world of sail cloth and material techniques, an essential aspect of sailing skills and techniques. Understanding the different types of sail materials and how they affect your boat’s performance is crucial for any sailor, whether you’re a seasoned pro or just starting out on your sailing adventure.

Introduction to sail cloth and materials, carbon fiber, cuben fiber, choosing the right sail material and construction, caring for your sails.

Sail cloth and materials play a significant role in determining the performance and durability of your sails. The type of material you choose will affect your boat’s speed, handling, and overall sailing experience. In this article, we will explore the different types of sail materials, their properties, and the various construction techniques used to create sails.

Types of Sail Materials

There are several types of sail materials available, each with its own unique properties and benefits. Here, we will discuss some of the most common materials used in sailmaking.

Dacron is a type of polyester fabric that has been the standard sail material for many years. It is known for its durability, UV resistance, and affordability. Dacron sails are suitable for cruising and racing boats, as they offer a good balance between performance and longevity.

Laminated sails are made by sandwiching layers of different materials together, typically a combination of Mylar, Kevlar, or other high-strength fibers. These sails are lighter and stronger than traditional woven sails, making them ideal for racing boats and performance cruisers. However, they can be more expensive and less durable than Dacron sails.

Mylar is a type of polyester film that is often used as a component in laminated sails. It is lightweight, strong, and has excellent resistance to stretching. Mylar sails are known for their smooth, wrinkle-free surface, which helps to reduce air turbulence and improve boat speed.

Kevlar is a high-strength synthetic fiber that is often used in laminated sails for its excellent strength-to-weight ratio. Kevlar sails are lightweight and strong, making them ideal for racing boats and performance cruisers. However, they can be more susceptible to UV damage and may not last as long as Dacron sails.

Carbon fiber is another high-strength material that is sometimes used in sailmaking. It is incredibly strong and lightweight, making it ideal for high-performance sails. Carbon fiber sails are often used on racing boats and high-performance cruisers, but they can be expensive and may not be as durable as other materials.

Cuben Fiber, also known as Dyneema Composite Fabric, is an ultra-lightweight and strong material that is sometimes used in sailmaking. It is made from a combination of Dyneema fibers and a polyester film, resulting in a sail that is incredibly light and strong. Cuben Fiber sails are often used on high-performance racing boats, but they can be expensive and may not be as durable as other materials.

Sail Construction Techniques

There are several different construction techniques used in sailmaking, each with its own unique benefits and drawbacks. Here, we will discuss some of the most common methods.

Cross-cut sails are made by sewing together horizontal panels of sailcloth. This is the most traditional and affordable method of sail construction, and it works well with Dacron and other woven materials. Cross-cut sails are known for their durability and ease of repair, making them a popular choice for cruising boats.

Radial sails are made by sewing together triangular panels of sailcloth, with the seams radiating out from the corners of the sail. This construction method helps to distribute the loads more evenly across the sail, resulting in a stronger and more efficient sail. Radial sails are often made from laminated materials, such as Mylar or Kevlar, and are popular on racing boats and performance cruisers.

Tri-radial sails are a variation of radial sails, with the panels arranged in a more complex pattern to better distribute the loads across the sail. This construction method is often used with high-performance materials, such as carbon fiber or Cuben Fiber, to create lightweight and efficient sails for racing boats and performance cruisers.

Molded sails are a relatively new construction technique that involves shaping the sail material over a mold to create a smooth, wrinkle-free surface. This method can be used with a variety of materials, including laminates and high-strength fibers, and results in a sail that is more aerodynamically efficient than traditional sewn sails. Molded sails are often used on high-performance racing boats, but they can be expensive and may not be as durable as other construction methods.

When choosing the right sail material and construction for your boat, there are several factors to consider, including your sailing goals, budget, and the type of boat you have. Here are some general guidelines to help you make the best decision:

For cruising boats and casual sailors, Dacron sails with a cross-cut construction are a durable and affordable option.
For racing boats and performance cruisers, laminated sails with a radial or tri-radial construction offer a lightweight and efficient option.
For high-performance racing boats, carbon fiber or Cuben Fiber sails with a molded construction may provide the best performance, but they can be expensive and may not be as durable as other options.

Ultimately, the best sail material and construction for your boat will depend on your specific needs and preferences. It’s essential to consult with a professional sailmaker to determine the best option for your situation.

Proper care and maintenance are crucial for extending the life of your sails and ensuring optimal performance. Here are some tips for keeping your sails in top condition:

Inspect your sails regularly for signs of wear, damage, or UV degradation.
Clean your sails with fresh water and mild soap to remove dirt, salt, and other contaminants.
Store your sails in a cool, dry place when not in use, and avoid folding or creasing the material.
Protect your sails from UV exposure by using a sail cover or UV-resistant material.
Repair any damage promptly to prevent further deterioration.

Understanding the different types of sail materials and construction techniques is essential for any sailor looking to improve their sailing skills and boat performance. By choosing the right material and construction for your sails, you can optimize your boat’s speed, handling, and overall sailing experience. Remember to consult with a professional sailmaker to determine the best option for your specific needs and to properly care for your sails to ensure their longevity and performance.

The Ultimate Guide to Sail Types and Rigs (with Pictures)

What's that sail for? Generally, I don't know. So I've come up with a system. I'll explain you everything there is to know about sails and rigs in this article.

What are the different types of sails? Most sailboats have one mainsail and one headsail. Typically, the mainsail is a fore-and-aft bermuda rig (triangular shaped). A jib or genoa is used for the headsail. Most sailors use additional sails for different conditions: the spinnaker (a common downwind sail), gennaker, code zero (for upwind use), and stormsail.

Each sail has its own use. Want to go downwind fast? Use a spinnaker. But you can't just raise any sail and go for it. It's important to understand when (and how) to use each sail. Your rigging also impacts what sails you can use.

Cruising yacht with mainsail, headsail, and gennaker

Guide to Understanding Sail Rig Types (with Pictures)

First I'll give you a quick and dirty overview of sails in this list below. Then, I'll walk you through the details of each sail type, and the sail plan, which is the godfather of sail type selection so to speak.

Click here if you just want to scroll through a bunch of pictures .

Here's a list of different models of sails: (Don't worry if you don't yet understand some of the words, I'll explain all of them in a bit)

Jib - triangular staysail
Genoa - large jib that overlaps the mainsail
Spinnaker - large balloon-shaped downwind sail for light airs
Gennaker - crossover between a Genoa and Spinnaker
Code Zero or Screecher - upwind spinnaker
Drifter or reacher - a large, powerful, hanked on genoa, but made from lightweight fabric
Windseeker - tall, narrow, high-clewed, and lightweight jib
Trysail - smaller front-and-aft mainsail for heavy weather
Storm jib - small jib for heavy weather

I have a big table below that explains the sail types and uses in detail .

I know, I know ... this list is kind of messy, so to understand each sail, let's place them in a system.

The first important distinction between sail types is the placement . The mainsail is placed aft of the mast, which simply means behind. The headsail is in front of the mast.

Generally, we have three sorts of sails on our boat:

Mainsail: The large sail behind the mast which is attached to the mast and boom
Headsail: The small sail in front of the mast, attached to the mast and forestay (ie. jib or genoa)
Specialty sails: Any special utility sails, like spinnakers - large, balloon-shaped sails for downwind use

The second important distinction we need to make is the functionality . Specialty sails (just a name I came up with) each have different functionalities and are used for very specific conditions. So they're not always up, but most sailors carry one or more of these sails.

They are mostly attached in front of the headsail, or used as a headsail replacement.

The specialty sails can be divided into three different categories:

downwind sails - like a spinnaker
light air or reacher sails - like a code zero
storm sails

The parts of any sail

Whether large or small, each sail consists roughly of the same elements. For clarity's sake I've took an image of a sail from the world wide webs and added the different part names to it:

Diagram explaining sail parts: head, luff, tack, foot, clew, and leech

Head: Top of the sail
Tack: Lower front corner of the sail
Foot: Bottom of the sail
Luff: Forward edge of the sail
Leech: Back edge of the sail
Clew: Bottom back corner of the sail

So now we speak the same language, let's dive into the real nitty gritty.

Basic sail shapes

Roughly speaking, there are actually just two sail shapes, so that's easy enough. You get to choose from:

square rigged sails
fore-and-aft rigged sails

I would definitely recommend fore-and-aft rigged sails. Square shaped sails are pretty outdated. The fore-and-aft rig offers unbeatable maneuverability, so that's what most sailing yachts use nowadays.

Green tall ship with green square rigged sails against urban background

Square sails were used on Viking longships and are good at sailing downwind. They run from side to side. However, they're pretty useless upwind.

A fore-and-aft sail runs from the front of the mast to the stern. Fore-and-aft literally means 'in front and behind'. Boats with fore-and-aft rigged sails are better at sailing upwind and maneuvering in general. This type of sail was first used on Arabic boats.

As a beginner sailor I confuse the type of sail with rigging all the time. But I should cut myself some slack, because the rigging and sails on a boat are very closely related. They are all part of the sail plan .

A sail plan is made up of:

Mast configuration - refers to the number of masts and where they are placed
Sail type - refers to the sail shape and functionality
Rig type - refers to the way these sails are set up on your boat

There are dozens of sails and hundreds of possible configurations (or sail plans).

For example, depending on your mast configuration, you can have extra headsails (which then are called staysails).

The shape of the sails depends on the rigging, so they overlap a bit. To keep it simple I'll first go over the different sail types based on the most common rig. I'll go over the other rig types later in the article.

Bermuda Sloop: the most common rig

Most modern small and mid-sized sailboats have a Bermuda sloop configuration . The sloop is one-masted and has two sails, which are front-and-aft rigged. This type of rig is also called a Marconi Rig. The Bermuda rig uses a triangular sail, with just one side of the sail attached to the mast.

The mainsail is in use most of the time. It can be reefed down, making it smaller depending on the wind conditions. It can be reefed down completely, which is more common in heavy weather. (If you didn't know already: reefing is skipper terms for rolling or folding down a sail.)

In very strong winds (above 30 knots), most sailors only use the headsail or switch to a trysail.

The headsail powers your bow, the mainsail powers your stern (rear). By having two sails, you can steer by using only your sails (in theory - it requires experience). In any case, two sails gives you better handling than one, but is still easy to operate.

Let's get to the actual sails. The mainsail is attached behind the mast and to the boom, running to the stern. There are multiple designs, but they actually don't differ that much. So the following list is a bit boring. Feel free to skip it or quickly glance over it.

Square Top racing mainsail - has a high performance profile thanks to the square top, optional reef points
Racing mainsail - made for speed, optional reef points
Cruising mainsail - low-maintenance, easy to use, made to last. Generally have one or multiple reef points.
Full-Batten Cruising mainsail - cruising mainsail with better shape control. Eliminates flogging. Full-length battens means the sail is reinforced over the entire length. Generally have one or multiple reef points.
High Roach mainsail - crossover between square top racing and cruising mainsail, used mostly on cats and multihulls. Generally have one or multiple reef points.
Mast Furling mainsail - sails specially made to roll up inside the mast - very convenient but less control; of sail shape. Have no reef points
Boom Furling mainsail - sails specially made to roll up inside the boom. Have no reef points.

The headsail is the front sail in a front-and-aft rig. The sail is fixed on a stay (rope, wire or rod) which runs forward to the deck or bowsprit. It's almost always triangular (Dutch fishermen are known to use rectangular headsail). A triangular headsail is also called a jib .

Headsails can be attached in two ways:

using roller furlings - the sail rolls around the headstay
hank on - fixed attachment

Types of jibs:

Typically a sloop carries a regular jib as its headsail. It can also use a genoa.

A jib is a triangular staysail set in front of the mast. It's the same size as the fore-triangle.
A genoa is a large jib that overlaps the mainsail.

What's the purpose of a jib sail? A jib is used to improve handling and to increase sail area on a sailboat. This helps to increase speed. The jib gives control over the bow (front) of the ship, making it easier to maneuver the ship. The mainsail gives control over the stern of the ship. The jib is the headsail (frontsail) on a front-and-aft rig.

The size of the jib is generally indicated by a number - J1, 2, 3, and so on. The number tells us the attachment point. The order of attachment points may differ per sailmaker, so sometimes J1 is the largest jib (on the longest stay) and sometimes it's the smallest (on the shortest stay). Typically the J1 jib is the largest - and the J3 jib the smallest.

Most jibs are roller furling jibs: this means they are attached to a stay and can be reefed down single-handedly. If you have a roller furling you can reef down the jib to all three positions and don't need to carry different sizes.

Originally called the 'overlapping jib', the leech of the genoa extends aft of the mast. This increases speed in light and moderate winds. A genoa is larger than the total size of the fore-triangle. How large exactly is indicated by a percentage.

A number 1 genoa is typically 155% (it used to be 180%)
A number 2 genoa is typically 125-140%

Genoas are typically made from 1.5US/oz polyester spinnaker cloth, or very light laminate.

A small sloop using an overlapping genoa

This is where it gets pretty interesting. You can use all kinds of sails to increase speed, handling, and performance for different weather conditions.

Some rules of thumb:

Large sails are typically good for downwind use, small sails are good for upwind use.
Large sails are good for weak winds (light air), small sails are good for strong winds (storms).

Downwind sails

Thanks to the front-and-aft rig sailboats are easier to maneuver, but they catch less wind as well. Downwind sails are used to offset this by using a large sail surface, pulling a sailboat downwind. They can be hanked on when needed and are typically balloon shaped.

Here are the most common downwind sails:

Big gennaker
Small gennaker

A free-flying sail that fills up with air, giving it a balloon shape. Spinnakers are generally colorful, which is why they look like kites. This downwind sail has the largest sail area, and it's capable of moving a boat with very light wind. They are amazing to use on trade wind routes, where they can help you make quick progress.

Spinnakers require special rigging. You need a special pole and track on your mast. You attach the sail at three points: in the mast head using a halyard, on a pole, and on a sheet.

The spinnaker is symmetrical, meaning the luff is as long as its leech. It's designed for broad reaching.

Large sailing yacht sailing coastal water using a true spinnaker

Gennaker or cruising spinnaker

The Gennaker is a cross between the genoa and the spinnaker. It has less downwind performance than the spinnaker. It is a bit smaller, making it slower, but also easier to handle - while it remains very capable. The cruising spinnaker is designed for broad reaching.

The gennaker is a smaller, asymmetric spinnaker that's doesn't require a pole or track on the mast. Like the spinnaker, and unlike the genoa, the gennaker is set flying. Asymmetric means its luff is longer than its leech.

You can get big and small gennakers (roughly 75% and 50% the size of a true spinnaker).

Also called ...

the cruising spinnaker
cruising chute
pole-less spinnaker
SpinDrifter

... it's all the same sail.

Small sloops using colorful gennakers in grey water

Light air sails

There's a bit of overlap between the downwind sails and light air sails. Downwind sails can be used as light air sails, but not all light air sails can be used downwind.

Here are the most common light air sails:

Spinnaker and gennaker

Drifter reacher

Code zero reacher.

A drifter (also called a reacher) is a lightweight, larger genoa for use in light winds. It's roughly 150-170% the size of a genoa. It's made from very lightweight laminated spinnaker fabric (1.5US/oz).

Thanks to the extra sail area the sail offers better downwind performance than a genoa. It's generally made from lightweight nylon. Thanks to it's genoa characteristics the sail is easier to use than a cruising spinnaker.

The code zero reacher is officially a type of spinnaker, but it looks a lot like a large genoa. And that's exactly what it is: a hybrid cross between the genoa and the asymmetrical spinnaker (gennaker). The code zero however is designed for close reaching, making it much flatter than the spinnaker. It's about twice the size of a non-overlapping jib.

Volvo Ocean race ships using code zero and jib J1

A windseeker is a small, free-flying staysail for super light air. It's tall and thin. It's freestanding, so it's not attached to the headstay. The tack attaches to a deck pad-eye. Use your spinnakers' halyard to raise it and tension the luff.

It's made from nylon or polyester spinnaker cloth (0.75 to 1.5US/oz).

It's designed to guide light air onto the lee side of the main sail, ensuring a more even, smooth flow of air.

Stormsails are stronger than regular sails, and are designed to handle winds of over 45 knots. You carry them to spare the mainsail. Sails

A storm jib is a small triangular staysail for use in heavy weather. If you participate in offshore racing you need a mandatory orange storm jib. It's part of ISAF's requirements.

A trysail is a storm replacement for the mainsail. It's small, triangular, and it uses a permanently attached pennant. This allows it to be set above the gooseneck. It's recommended to have a separate track on your mast for it - you don't want to fiddle around when you actually really need it to be raised ... now.

US naval acadamy sloop in marina with bright orange storm trysail and stormjob

Sail	Type	Shape	Wind speed	Size	Wind angle
Bermuda	mainsail	triangular, high sail	< 30 kts
Jib	headsail	small triangular foresail	< 45 kts	100% of foretriangle
Genoa	headsail	jib that overlaps mainsail	< 30 kts	125-155% of foretriangle
Spinnaker	downwind	free-flying, balloon shape	1-15 kts	200% or more of mainsail	90°–180°
Gennaker	downwind	free-flying, balloon shape	1-20 kts	85% of spinnaker	75°-165°
Code Zero or screecher	light air & upwind	tight luffed, upwind spinnaker	1-16 kts	70-75% of spinnaker
Storm Trysail	mainsail	small triangular mainsail replacement	> 45 kts	17.5% of mainsail
Drifter reacher	light air	large, light-weight genoa	1-15 kts	150-170% of genoa	30°-90°
Windseeker	light air	free-flying staysail	0-6 kts	85-100% of foretriangle
Storm jib	strong wind headsail	low triangular staysail	> 45 kts	< 65% height foretriangle

Why Use Different Sails At All?

You could just get the largest furling genoa and use it on all positions. So why would you actually use different types of sails?

The main answer to that is efficiency . Some situations require other characteristics.

Having a deeply reefed genoa isn't as efficient as having a small J3. The reef creates too much draft in the sail, which increases heeling. A reefed down mainsail in strong winds also increases heeling. So having dedicated (storm) sails is probably a good thing, especially if you're planning more demanding passages or crossings.

But it's not just strong winds, but also light winds that can cause problems. Heavy sails will just flap around like laundry in very light air. So you need more lightweight fabrics to get you moving.

What Are Sails Made Of?

The most used materials for sails nowadays are:

Dacron - woven polyester
woven nylon
laminated fabrics - increasingly popular

Sails used to be made of linen. As you can imagine, this is terrible material on open seas. Sails were rotting due to UV and saltwater. In the 19th century linen was replaced by cotton.

It was only in the 20th century that sails were made from synthetic fibers, which were much stronger and durable. Up until the 1980s most sails were made from Dacron. Nowadays, laminates using yellow aramids, Black Technora, carbon fiber and Spectra yarns are more and more used.

Laminates are as strong as Dacron, but a lot lighter - which matters with sails weighing up to 100 kg (220 pounds).

By the way: we think that Viking sails were made from wool and leather, which is quite impressive if you ask me.

In this section of the article I give you a quick and dirty summary of different sail plans or rig types which will help you to identify boats quickly. But if you want to really understand it clearly, I really recommend you read part 2 of this series, which is all about different rig types.

You can't simply count the number of masts to identify rig type But you can identify any rig type if you know what to look for. We've created an entire system for recognizing rig types. Let us walk you through it. Read all about sail rig types

As I've said earlier, there are two major rig types: square rigged and fore-and-aft. We can divide the fore-and-aft rigs into three groups:

Bermuda rig (we have talked about this one the whole time) - has a three-sided mainsail
Gaff rig - has a four-sided mainsail, the head of the mainsail is guided by a gaff
Lateen rig - has a three-sided mainsail on a long yard

Diagram of lateen-rigged mast with head yard, gaff-rigged mast with head beam, and bermuda-rigged mast with triangular sail

There are roughly four types of boats:

one masted boats - sloop, cutter
two masted boats - ketch, schooner, brig
three masted - barque
fully rigged or ship rigged - tall ship

Everything with four masts is called a (tall) ship. I think it's outside the scope of this article, but I have written a comprehensive guide to rigging. I'll leave the three and four-masted rigs for now. If you want to know more, I encourage you to read part 2 of this series.

One-masted rigs

Boats with one mast can have either one sail, two sails, or three or more sails.

The 3 most common one-masted rigs are:

Cat - one mast, one sail
Sloop - one mast, two sails
Cutter - one mast, three or more sails

1. Gaff Cat

White cat boat with gaff rig on lake and three people in it

2. Gaff Sloop

Two-masted rigs

Two-masted boats can have an extra mast in front or behind the main mast. Behind (aft of) the main mast is called a mizzen mast . In front of the main mast is called a foremast .

The 5 most common two-masted rigs are:

Lugger - two masts (mizzen), with lugsail (cross between gaff rig and lateen rig) on both masts
Yawl - two masts (mizzen), fore-and-aft rigged on both masts. Main mast much taller than mizzen. Mizzen without mainsail.
Ketch - two masts (mizzen), fore-and-aft rigged on both masts. Main mast with only slightly smaller mizzen. Mizzen has mainsail.
Schooner - two masts (foremast), generally gaff rig on both masts. Main mast with only slightly smaller foremast. Sometimes build with three masts, up to seven in the age of sail.
Brig - two masts (foremast), partially square-rigged. Main mast carries small lateen rigged sail.

Lugger sails behind berth with rocks and small sloops in the foreground

4. Schooner

White schooner with white sails and light wooden masts

5. Brigantine

Replica of brigatine on lake with lots of rigging and brown, green, red, and gold paint

This article is part 1 of a series about sails and rig types If you want to read on and learn to identify any sail plans and rig type, we've found a series of questions that will help you do that quickly. Read all about recognizing rig types

Shawn Buckles

HI CVB, that’s a cool plan. Thanks, I really love to hear that. I’m happy that it was helpful to you and I hope you are of to a great start for your new adventure!

Hi GOWTHAM, thanks for the tip, I sometimes forget I haven’t specified the new term. I’ve added it to the article.

Nice article and video; however, you’re mixing up the spinnaker and the gennaker.

A started out with a question. What distinguishes a brig from a schooner? Which in turn led to follow-up questions: I know there are Bermuda rigs and Latin rig, are there more? Which in turn led to further questions, and further, and further… This site answers them all. Wonderful work. Thank you.

Great post and video! One thing was I was surprised how little you mentioned the Ketch here and not at all in the video or chart, and your sample image is a large ship with many sails. Some may think Ketch’s are uncommon, old fashioned or only for large boats. Actually Ketch’s are quite common for cruisers and live-aboards, especially since they often result in a center cockpit layout which makes for a very nice aft stateroom inside. These are almost exclusively the boats we are looking at, so I was surprised you glossed over them.

Love the article and am finding it quite informative.

While I know it may seem obvious to 99% of your readers, I wish you had defined the terms “upwind” and “downwind.” I’m in the 1% that isn’t sure which one means “with the wind” (or in the direction the wind is blowing) and which one means “against the wind” (or opposite to the way the wind is blowing.)

paul adriaan kleimeer

like in all fields of syntax and terminology the terms are colouual meaning local and then spead as the technology spread so an history lesson gives a floral bouque its colour and in the case of notical terms span culture and history adds an detail that bring reverence to the study simply more memorable.

Hi, I have a small yacht sail which was left in my lock-up over 30 years ago I basically know nothing about sails and wondered if you could spread any light as to the make and use of said sail. Someone said it was probably originally from a Wayfayer wooden yacht but wasn’t sure. Any info would be must appreciated and indeed if would be of any use to your followers? I can provide pics but don’t see how to include them at present

kind regards

You may also like, 17 sailboat types explained: how to recognize them.

Ever wondered what type of sailboat you're looking at? Identifying sailboats isn't hard, you just have to know what to look for. In this article, I'll help you.

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The State of the Main: A Look at Sail Materials and Sailmaking Methods

As sailmaking goes high-tech, are pricey membrane mainsails really the best choice.

Sailmakers around the world have been printing up new business cards even though they continue to work for the same franchised lofts. Their new cards have swapped job description titles from “sailmaker” to “sail designer,” a result thats partly due to the proven value of computer-aided design and partly due to a growing trend toward sending sailmaking overseas. Like so many other industries, sailmakers have responded to the lure of lower labor rates and the growth in high-tech manufacturing skills in Asia. Many of the big-name lofts have curtailed much of their domestic sail production and instead focus on building each customer a virtual sail in their local loft, digitizing carefully made measurements, and electronically forwarding the data to a mega loft on the other side of the globe.

The State of the Main: A Look at Sail Materials and Sailmaking Methods

Photos by Ralph Naranjo

Sailmaking success continues to be measured in units of satisfied customers, and despite the remote location of the loft floor, this globalized approach seems to present a viable model, both from the perspective of the consumer and the business. Its true that not as much dialogue can take place between the loft salesman, sailmaker, and skipper-a kind of collaboration that in the past led to some important decision making and genuine brand allegiance. But a capable sail designer can still deliver the goods. To do so, he must address three critical points: capture accurate initial measurements, use sophisticated design software to customize sails for the specific boat, and match the design work with the sailing preference and crew skill level.

Fortunately for those who savor the working relationship that they have had in the past with their favorite salesman/sailmaker, there are still smaller independent lofts where sewing machines continue to whir away and where the sailmaker who built your sails is still willing to join you for a sea trial. Such lofts are like independent hardware stores-an endangered species, something well all certainly miss when the full effect of centralizing sailmaking takes hold. Some of the independents will survive on the repair work that the sailing season generates, but many see the handwriting on the wall and are turning production over to wholesalers such as China Sails Factory in Guang Dong Province, Southern China.

The recent industry trend toward moving production offshore is anything but a new idea. For decades, Neil Pryde has proven that theres merit in Adam Smiths business model of leveraging cost-effective manufacturing even if it separates the plant and the purchaser.

Prydes business plan has worked, and it has proven to be a globalization win-win for most, if not all, of the players involved. Now, with others jumping on the Asian mega-loft band wagon, one can only wonder what the long run will hold for domestic sailmakers.

Rich McGhee, president of U.S. sales for the China Sails Factory, and Skip Dieball, director of One Design, are strong advocates of the cost effectiveness of moving sailmaking offshore. One of their sailmaker clients summed it all up by saying, “We can’t even make sails for what the overseas lofts sell them for.”

Many namebrand lofts use China Sail Factory for some of their sails. Not only is the workmanship solid, but by specifying a particular sail material, the worry over substandard sailcloth can be avoided. One sailmaker we spoke with said that he always recommends picking a top of the line Dacron and opting for the blue water upgrade.

China Sail Factory is becoming the 800-pound gorilla of modern sailmaking, and it has turned into the sailmakers sailmaker-creating product for Hood, North, Doyle, Banks, Elvstrom and a couple of dozen other very familiar namebrand lofts. The deal is wholesale only, and local sailmakers all over the world use China Sails as their manufacturer for some or all of the product that they sell. In this way, individual lofts still interact with customers, making sure that the measurements and sail construction details are as specific as possible. In addition to digitally identifying the specific shape and sailcloth to be used, the local loft can input the location of reinforcing patches, hardware, batten pockets, and their company logo. Feedback from the pros indicates that China Sails delivers on time, and the finished sail is a high-quality product.

The success of this remote manufacturing process is much like the magazine business, a process in which editorial content and design come together at one location, but the printing process takes place elsewhere. The challenge to both industries is getting a completely accurate digital file depicting the sail or the publication to the computer at the production facility. In the case of China Sails, the production team underscores that they do not measure masts or sails with customers; thats the job of the loft contracting their service, and its that link upon which major sailmakers have built their reputations. The industry has seen it as the wave of the future, and now many other sailmakers-large and small-have silent sewing machines and growing UPS accounts.

except where noted

The flip side of this argument is the need to keep a local loft supported so that the domestic sailmaking industry retains craftsmanship as well as salesmanship skills. This is more than a twinge of sentimentality. Labor market swings occur in shorter and shorter intervals, and losing a domestic trade such as sailmaking may be a short-term gain followed by a long-term disadvantage. Sail lofts may be able to keep the doors open by sending production overseas, but those who actually make sails wont have enough work to keep their profession viable. Today, every decent-sized harbor seems to have one or more resident sail lofts, and we take such sailmaking and repair availability for granted.

String Theory

Sails are a fascinating engineering statement, and when all is said and done, whats sought after is the lightest material possible that will neither stretch nor tear as it withstands the ravages of wind-induced pressure, vessel righting moment, and harassment from sunlight, chafe, atmospheric deposition, and other deteriorating effects. Thanks to modern chemistry, cotton cloth lies well astern, but for several important reasons, even after 50 years, Dacron has yet to be destined for the junk pile. The pros we interviewed for this article remained surprisingly bullish on Dacron, and it caused us to do some research into why the modest polyester fiber still has such a following.

The answer has to do with cost and chemistry, or more specifically, the crossover point where features such as tenacity, flexural endurance, UV stability and resistance to chemical deterioration stack up on a cost-per-square-yard basis. For those looking to stretch their sail-buying dollars, Dacron delivers. But the real value lies in tightly woven high-yarn-count “premium” Dacron, a material that holds its shape and will keep cruisers happy for the long haul.

Those willing to pay more to optimize performance have a wide range of just-out-of-the-lab, high-modulus material options to choose from. In addition, there are engineering differences in how high-performance sails are built. The basic premise is to lighten up the sail where the loads are the lowest, and reinforce the hot spots. Sail designers understand the value of engineering these foil shapes to cope with the load paths that develop in a given sail. The most savvy designers recognize that a static load path diagram is just one snapshot of whats happening in the sail. Take for example the forces influencing a sail during a beat to windward in 20-knot conditions. A finite element analysis (FEA) diagram would depict the stress/strain flow through the sail, and if reinforcing yarns aligned with this energy profile, the sail would be structurally optimized for that given condition.

Unfortunately, sails need to be able to cope with a wide range of challenges, and if we complicate the above example with a wave breaking in the foot of the sail, a very different FEA load path would be depicted. The bottom line is that sails need to cope with a wide range of conditions, and this isn’t solely a concern for racers. Take for example a cruising headsail on a roller furler, one of the most demanding applications of all. The sail is reefed to varied sizes, endures torsion loads, is rolled up wet and sits in the summer sun for weeks on end. At least racing sails can be designed for very specific wind ranges and sea states, where loads are more predictable and when not in use, they are neatly flaked and stowed out of the weather.

In order to achieve high strength and lower weight, high-modulus materials like Kevlar, Spectra, carbon, Vectran, Norths Cuben Fiber, and other ultra-high molecular weight plastics are strung into high-end sails in much the same way that carbon fiber is used in a hull skin. What all of these yarns have in common are mechanical properties that exceed the tensile strength and resistance to stretch of traditional Dacron. These esoteric fibers are by no means the twill of the emperors new pants. They are test-tube innovations that double, triple, or even quadruple the breaking strength of good-old Dacron. Unfortunately, all of the high-tech solutions seem to come with one or more inherent downsides. Some fibers such as Kevlar and Vectran have little tolerance for UV, while other materials-carbon fiber, for example-have a price point just shy of spun gold. The competitive racer is driven toward esoteric yarns because the boats just ahead of him have made the switch, and for those who can afford the stronger, lighter material, there is a proven performance edge.

More than chemistry

Performance is partially based on what fibers your sails are made from, but also influenced by a second pivotal issue: how the sail material is made. At the cutting edge of the industry is sail molding and a membrane approach as exemplified by North Sails pioneering efforts with what it calls 3DL (three-dimensional laminate). In this process, a thermal-setting adhesive film is placed on a shape-controlled male mold, and yarns are towed into position Peter-Pan-like by a sailmaker in a harness. The spiderweb of strings that he tows into place conforms to the sail designers detailed plan for load sharing. Once strung, a vacuum bag and heat-bonding process seals the deal. The resulting seamless main body of the sail maximizes evenness of energy distribution and eliminates stress risers caused by overlapping seams. These sails are great performers, but theyre a big-buck commitment probably best suited to those whose pulse remains steady when their Rolex falls overboard.

Another approach to membrane sails is found on a roll rather than on a mold. Dimension-Polyants D-4 method involves engineering the load-path for a specific sail as they make the cloth in the factory. Its an automated process that tightly controls yarn reinforcement patterns as it builds up on the film or taffeta surface prior to being pressure and heat bonded in place. Once the bonding resin is cured, the sailmaker is sent carefully marked panels that replicate the information on the digital file sent to Dimension Polyant. Pieces fit together like a high-tech, jig-saw puzzle with the sails reinforcement matrix carefully aligned with complex load-paths. Proponents of this approach feel that the yarn trajectories as well as the temperature and pressure control in the laminating process are more tightly controlled.

Advice from the pros

To get a more complete picture of how the trend to offshore sailmaking is impacting everyday sailors, we turned to three trusted voices in the industry. We were particularly interested in what they had to say about high-tech/high-modulus materials and who needs them in their sails.

“Look for a sailmaker not a salesman,” says John Jenkins, the head of the U.S. Naval Academys Sail Loft. Jenkins has been in the trade for over three decades and has designed and built sails for boats ranging from one-design dinghies to 60-footers crossing oceans on a regular basis. Just as important as his engineering and sailmaking know-how is his open-minded perspective when it comes to new products and new approaches to building sails. Hes also not bound by brand spin and market share pressure, so his observations tend to be focused on the end-user rather than the bottomline. And the latter is why we lead off with his opinions.

When we asked Jenkins what sail material is best for the cruising sailor, his unequivocal response was, “Youve got to go with Dacron.” There was no hesitation, no caveat. “High modulus materials are lighter and stronger, but they are also more fragile and have a very short lifespan. These esoteric materials have a valid role for a racer, but when it comes to cruisers, Dacron should dominate.” He went on voicing an opinion we agree with, “high-modulus-yarn-laden membrane sails are a fine product for top-tier competitors with a big budget, but theyre not cost effective for the cruiser looking for longevity, UV stability, mildew avoidance, and the ability to endure roller-furling harassment.”

Jenkins cruisers sailcloth of choice is either Dimensions high-quality Dacron (polyester) square weave or Challenges Marblehead weave. The latter is a cloth comprising DuPont 52 and Honeywell IW70 yarns. Both materials are light on resin and pack lots of thread into every square inch of cloth. He also prefers woven Dacron for its mildew resistance and uses a fill-oriented weave such as CX-9 for higher aspect ratio headsails.

Quantum Sails designer and material guru Doug Stewart knows the performance value of carbon-fiber packed D-4 membrane sails, but hes also quick to reiterate many of John Jenkins candid comments. He stressed the importance of discerning just how competitive a potential customer happens to be, and despite being a serious advocate for technology, he too was quick to endorse the value of tightly woven premium Dacron as a cruisers top choice. He saw laminates playing more of a role in larger boats where sail weight becomes a big issue, but pointed out that mildew accumulation and delamination, though significantly reduced with new approaches to bonding, are still a concern to cruisers.

Carol Hasse, owner of Port Townsend Sails, is the quintessential cruising sailors advocate, and is always looking to build quality and long term reliability into the sails she makes. Her vision includes the insight that “at sea youre a long way from your sailmaker and the extra care that goes into the initial design and construction will pay off in the long run.” This is especially true on the rough nights at sea when the reefing process starts just a little too late. From Hasses point of view the right choice in material is a premium woven Dacron that affords a little less on the performance side of the ledger, but a lot more on the handle-ability, durability, and longevity.

The bottom line for the consumer is part price point and part utilitarian. The big questions are how much sail trimming are you willing to do and will you take advantage of molded membrane sails. If youre a cruiser, you may be better off with top-quality woven Dacron that offers good sail shape and an excellent lifespan. And in the opinion of three very skilled sailmakers, your best bet is indeed a step back to the future.

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MATERIAL GUIDE FOR CRUISING SAILS

The right material makes a better cruising sail

North Sails offers material options to help you find the right sails for your needs. Every North cruising sails is custom-designed for your boat and sailing style. By matching the right materials to your sailing goals, you'll be even happier with your new North sails. That could mean easier furling and flacking, smoother tacking and jibing, headache-free sail handling and storage or optimum performance and longevity.

SHOPPING FOR CRUISING NEW SAILS?

EXPERT ADVICE

The most significant contributor to the lifespan of a sail is the material. Cruising sailcloth must be strong and low stretch. It must also be tough – resistant to abrasion, flex, impact, and a variety of long-term environmental exposures including UV, heat, humidity, salt and mildew.

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THINGS TO CONSIDER

North Sails has a wide range of sailcloth options to meet your sailing goals and budget

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Cruising sailcloth comes in three styles: woven Polyester (“dacron”), cruising laminates, and 3D composite material. Each provides a different balance of durability and performance. Dacron fabrics are the toughest and most structurally stable. Cruising laminates offer lighter weight and increased shape holding. 3D composites are a new generation of cruising materials with exceptional shape holding and structural integrity beyond many laminates.

Within each category, different fibers and constructions are combined to suit different price and performance requirements.

3D COMPOSITE CRUSING SAILS

3Di OCEAN is the first cruising sailing cloth innovation since Dacron, and this sail technology is reshaping cruising performance. OCEAN exploits 3Di technology to deliver cruising features and benefits that transcend performance racing. If you’re buying sails for cruising and expect longevity and ease of use, OCEAN is for you.

PERFORMANCE CRUISING LAMINATE SAILS

NPL TOUR is the ultimate sailcloth for paneled cruising sails. Sails cut from NPL TOUR are highly resistant to chafe, fatigue, and UV. These cruising sails feature eXact reinforcement for superior shape holding. If you’re exploring options for paneled cruising sails, ask us about NPL TOUR.

SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS FOR CRUISING SAILORS

RENEW, a North Panel Laminate, features approximately 90% alternative bio-based and recycled raw materials. Developed for cruising boats up to 45 ft, RENEW is the start of an important shift in sailmaking towards more sustainable materials that maintain the performance and longevity expected from North Sails.

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NPC CROSS-CUT

NPC CROSS-CUT is a quality-leading dacron sailcloth for simple, easy sailing. Sails constructed with CROSS-CUT offer excellent shape holding through a wide range of conditions. Designed and constructed to the North Sail quality standards, CROSS-CUT strikes a balance of high quality and affordability. If you’re shopping for longevity and reasonable pricing, NPC CROSS-CUT is worth exploring.

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Sailing Materials – What Are Sailboat Sails Made of?

Of all of the sailing materials found on the modern cruising or liveaboard sailboat, the sailing fabrics that make up the sails and lines may be some of the most space age. Sailing materials have advanced remarkably in the past 100 years, and the progress seems to keep speeding up.

There are still plenty of boats flying their trusty old Dacron sails, that’s for sure. But there are also more and more boats using advanced laminate sail fabrics. So let’s look at the differences and figure out which is right for your boat.

Traditional canvas and “tanbark”, dacron sails, nylon sails, laminated sails and carbon fiber sailcloth, standard sail patterns, load-path sails, weave patterns in sailboat sail materials, the most crucial part of a sail design.

Modern Sailboat Construction and Materials

Sail Materials FAQs

sailing materials vary depending on the boat

What are Sails Made Out Of?

Sail making material has actually changed dramatically in the last century. For example, the sails of the tall ships of yesteryear were made entirely of natural fibers, yet such a delicate thing is nearly impossible to find on a sailboat today.

But sails have progressed. What are sails made of? The most common material used today in Dacron, a synthetic fiber made of polyester. But progress doesn’t stop there. Today, sails are designed from the ground up in the loft, built fiber by fiber, for that specific application. Today’s racing sails and high-tech and truly marvels of modern engineering.

There are only four basic choices of fabric for sails.

Natural fibers like cotton canvas, which are very rare now
Synthetic modern fabric like polyester fiber Dacron, the most common sail material
Lightweight fabrics like nylon, which is used for spinnakers and downwind sails
High-tech composite fabrics called laminates, which are used on racing sailboats

Before the middle of the 20th century, sails were made of natural fibers (just like everything else on a boat). Cotton canvas was the material of choice but rotting was a major problem. Imagine what would happen to a cotton t-shirt left out in the sun and salt air 24/7/365.

To help them last longer, cotton sails are tanned using tannins from tree bark. Tanbark sails, as these are called, have a reddish-brown color and are more resistant to rot, mold, and mildew.

The modern fabrics that replaced cotton have fixed most of the problems with rot, so real tanbark sails are basically a thing of the past. However, some modern sailcloth options are sold in a tanbark color for sailors who want that traditional look. True cotton sails are not an option for modern sailors. Even if you wanted to deal with the problems and expenses involved, finding a supplier for them would be next to impossible.

If anyone is still flying cotton sails out there, the only purpose would be for historical authenticity. Several museum ships around the world are maintained using original supplies and original materials. They have to source and sew their sails all from scratch.

Plastics changed nearly everything. Today, it’s nearly impossible to find a product that doesn’t contain some amount of plastic. Most types of sailboats are nearly all plastic when you look closely.

The canvas that most sailors associate with sailing is a woven acrylic cloth commonly referred to by its trade name, Sunbrella . It’s waterproof and extremely resistant to UV damage. It comes in a rainbow assortment of colors, although most boaters seem to prefer blue or green. Grey, tan, and red are also common, but you can find hundreds of options if you’re feeling creative. Sunbrella is used all over the boat–but not for sails.

The cloth used for sails is very similar, but it is woven heavier and more resistant to stretch. It is also most often referred to by its trade name–Dacron. Dacron is white in color 99-percent of the time. But it is also sold in tanbark, a reddish color that looks traditional.

Colored Dacron sailcloth is becoming more common, although it is still rare to see it on the water.

Dacron is the type of sail material you’ll see on nearly every sailboat you find. Dacron comes in various thicknesses or weights. The heavier the fabric, the stronger it is to take on heavy weather sailing. So a storm sail will be built out of heavy-weight fabric, whereas a 155-percent genoa made for light air will be made out of lightweight material.

The design and weight of the sail are matched for its purpose. Most boats are equipped with a set of sails that can do all conditions–but this nets you a “can do everything moderately well” sail. If you want light-air sails, the lighter fabric is then too thin to fly when the wind pipes up. If you want heavy-weather capability, the fabric will be too heavy to fill when the wind is light.

Dacron is still the number one choice for most sailors because it’s widely available, easily repaired, reliable, and affordable.

More often than not, if you see a colorful sail, it is made of nylon. Nylon is another type of synthetic fiber, but it is woven thin into very soft and billowy fabrics. Many of us own nylon windbreakers or know of the ripstop nylon used in tents, umbreallas, or even parachutes.

When used for sailmaking, nylon is good for light wind sails. It’s not strong compared to Dacron but it is lightweight. That makes it good for catching the slightest puff of breeze. Spinnakers are made of nylon, and since they look and feel like parachutes, sailors often call them “chutes.”

Unlike Dacron, nylon is widely available in any color you could want. Spinnakers are usually creative expressions of the crew or made to match the boat. They often have many colors stitched together in colorful patterns, just like hot air balloons.

The hottest thing in sailing is laminated sailcloth. The word “laminate” refers to a combination of materials stacked together to make a composite structure. For example, our hulls are made of fiberglass laminates. Racing boats have sails that are often laminates made of high-tech fibers and fabrics that offer maximum performance, strength, and sail shape.

Laminate sails start with a Mylar sheet base layer. High-tech fibers are then laid out and glued to this base. Finally, a material called taffeta gives the sail some strength and resistance to chafing. With so many options of materials, all layered one on top of the other, the sail can be precisely the shape the designer intends. Laminated sails are usually black or grey in color, and are sometimes transparent.

Eight different sailing fabrics can be used in laminate sails.

Carbon fiber sails
Spectra or Dyneema (Aramid fibers)

Laminated cruising sails offer the best performance and sail shape, but they are extremely expensive and generally not for your average cruising boat. They tend to offer shorter service lives and are more prone to UV damage than Dacron sails.

These high-tech sails can be made in one of two ways. First, the laminate materials may be created in rolls, just like Darcon or any other woven fabric. The sail loft then takes the material and cuts the panels to make a sail. The sail can be cut crosscut, tri-radial, or bi-radial, just like any other.

Alternatively, some lofts are now creating the laminate fabric as they manufacture the sail. This allows them to orient the strongest fibers of the layup in the perfect place to take the load placed on it during sailing. These sails are called load-path sails. North Sails 3Di sails are an example of this super-cool technology.

Sail Material Design, Cut, and Weave

The sail manufacturing process is an involved one. Sails are sized for the boat and customized for the cruising conditions in sailing and the style of the sailor at the helm . As a result, there are seemingly endless choices if you want to replace your sails, from the materials used, the sail design and cut to use, the conditions you’ll be expecting, and your goals for your boat performance-wise.

Sails are unique in that they must have a specific shape to power the boat. A perfectly flat sail is ineffective. Instead, it should have a curve like an airplane’s wing. This curve, called the draft, must be built-in. Sailmakers cut each piece of the sail with this in mind, and then the completed sail can have as much or as little curve as necessary.

There are three main types of cut that a sail can have to accomplish this–crosscut, tri-radial, and bi-radial. Each type varies in complexity and cost to manufacture and provides a different amount of shape-holding potential throughout its service life.

Crosscut Sails

Most sails you find will have crosscut designs. These sails are cut in strips that run from forward to back at a slight angle. Once the entire sail has been stitched together, reinforcements are added at each corner.

Stretching is a natural part of a sail’s life as it is trimmed and filled with wind. A crosscut sail does not have any extra structure to help it resist stretching, so they are more prone to it than other cuts.

When a sail has been stretched so far that it loses sailing efficiency, it’s said to be “blown out.” When crosscut sails blow out it will be a gradual process as the panels stretch a little bit at a time.

Tri Radial Sails

Tri-radial cut sails have a distinctive look to them. The panels that make the sail are smaller triangles that radiate from each sail corner. Tri-radial sails are made of more panels than crosscut ones, so there is more potential for a knowledgable sailmaker to fine-tune the design. This can result in a more efficient sail shape.

The extra seams in the sail also reinforce the sail overall. This results in a sail that doesn’t stretch as much over time. But once it does go, it is likely to blow out and needs replacement quickly.

If you’d like to see a detailed look at how the pieces of a tri-radial sail fit together, check out this DIY video from Sailrite. Sailrite sells sew-your-own sail kits, with the parts cut from CAD-designed plans.

Biradial Sails

A bi-radial sail is just like a tri-radial, except that the panels that make the design come from only two corners–the head and the clew.

Load path sails are built piece by piece in the loft using composite laminates. Instead of starting with sheets of material, the loft starts with the raw materials that will make the completed sail. Then, it is glued together into the final shape, with strong fibers reinforcing its built-in shape.

Not all fabrics are woven together in the same way. Dacron can be woven in multiple ways, and your sailmaker must know how to combine the right weaves with how the fabric is cut for the sail. The weave is designed to provide strength in one direction and shape in another.

Quite often, the difference in price between two similar-looking pieces of Dacron comes down to the weave. This is because the weave gives the Dacron “tenacity.” High-tenacity Dacron fabrics are best for cruising sails because they stretch less and distribute the load evenly over the sail.

It’s also important to consider the weave of the material when choosing the cut of the sail. For example, a cloth that works for crosscut sails will not be best for a radial cut sail. In addition, some manufacturers weave the Dacron with high-tech fibers, like Dyneema, for extra strength.

The important thing to know is that the weave of the sail cloth fabric you chose must match the cut of the sail’s panels. In other words, you can’t use the fabric from a tri-radial sail to make a crosscut sail or vice versa.

Picking the Right Sailboat Sail Material

For the amateur sailor, sorting through the dizzying array of choices of sailboat sails material is daunting. The flashy racing sails and load path sails are tempting, but are they worth it?

The truth is, Dacron is still popular for a reason. If you’re lucky enough to be outfitting a $500,000 aluminum sailboat , buying the best of the best only makes sense. But most of us are on a budget when outfitting our boats.

What’s more, will you notice the difference between a high-tenacity high-end Dacron compared to a laminate? The answer is probably no on an older, heavy displacement cruising boat. But, on the other hand, on a high-performance catamaran or trimaran, it might be well worth the investment.

Here’s a video from renowned sail loft Precision Sails discussing the most important factors when choosing your next set of sails.

Modern Sailboat Construction and Materials

Our boats have progressed a lot since the wooden-hulled and canvas-sailed ships of the past. Revolutionary new materials mean boats and sails that resist water, pests, and UV damage. As a result, years are added to the life of parts, and maintenance costs are reduced in the process. And if there’s one thing that every boater can agree on, it’s that most time sailing and less time doing maintenance is good news.

Sails are a major investment. For the average boater, a set of new sails should last ten or more years. Unless you’re planning on circumnavigating or racing competitively, most people never have to replace a set of sails. If you are faced with the choice, be sure to consult with a knowledgable sail loft that is familiar with your boat and your goals for it.

What are the materials used in sailing?

Sailboat sails are usually made of Dacron, a synthetic fabric made of polyester. It is very heavy, resists tearing, is waterproof, and resistant to UV damage.

What is the best material for a sail?

Nearly all sails on cruising boats are made of Dacron, a trade-name for polyester fabric. Dacron is long-living and resistant to water, UV damage, and rot.

What material are sailboat sails made of?

The most common sail material is Dacron, a type of polyester fabric. Alternatively, racing boats or yachts may have laminate sails made of high-tech materials like Kevlar or carbon fibers.

Is boat sail material waterproof?

Yes, the materials used in sailmaking do not absorb water. Dacron is the most common material, and it is extremely water-resistant.

Matt has been boating around Florida for over 25 years in everything from small powerboats to large cruising catamarans. He currently lives aboard a 38-foot Cabo Rico sailboat with his wife Lucy and adventure dog Chelsea. Together, they cruise between winters in The Bahamas and summers in the Chesapeake Bay.

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Sail Material Guide For Mainsails and Headsails

December 8, 2022

Klara Jakobsen

In this short and comprehensible guide, we will be going over the various sail construction and materials used for making mainsails and headsails for both the racing and cruising markets.

If we could imagine a perfect mainsail or headsail, it would be made from a cloth that is immensely strong to withstand the loads in harsh conditions. It would be flexible to handle some flogging and flaking when put away. It would have ultimate stretch resistance ensuring that its designed shape would keep as long as possible. It would be impervious to UV rays, salt water, and humidity. It would last forever and, of course, it would be affordable.

But unfortunately, no one material lives up to all these conditions, and the trick to selecting the best sail for you and your boat is to determine which of these qualities are most important to you.

Sailcloth Constructions

When talking sailcloth materials, it is important to differentiate between construction types and fiber materials. Woven, laminate, and 3Di are all sailcloth constructions, and within each category, various fiber materials, such as nylon, polyester, and carbon, are used.

Let’s first take a look at sail the different types of sail constructions, to help you get a better idea of how sailcloth is made to suit different sailing applications.

Paneled Woven Cloth

Woven fabrics, usually made of polyester (Dacron) are still to this day the most common construction for sailcloth, widely used in all sailing applications. This is mainly due to its durable and lightweight properties and the fact that it is the most affordable option.

However, a downside to woven sailcloth is its elasticity, caused by the crimp, (the over-and-under nature of the weave) and over time the sail will inevitably lose shape and start sagging.

Although modern-day sailcloth manufacturers have gotten exceptionally good at minimizing this effect through chemical treatments and heat shrinking, when it comes to shape retention, woven sailcloth does not compete with alternative high-performance constructions such as laminate and 3D composites.

Paneled Laminate

Laminate sails are a modern-day art and have in the last few decades become very popular, especially with the racing crowd. This is due to their high durability and exceptional shape retention; attributes which are often at the top of the priority list of the avid racer.

Because of their significantly higher cost and shorter life span, cruising sailors have traditionally had apprehensions about this construction. But slowly, even this is changing, and cruisers are beginning to open their eyes to the great values of these high-performance sails.

When building laminate sails, various materials and building techniques can be used. But generally speaking, laminate sails are a sandwich construction, laminating fibers or scrim protected with mylar film between one or two taffeta layers. The core fibers can be of various materials, such as polyester, aramid, or carbon, having different effects on the overall strength and weight of the finished cloth.

There is no doubt that, when it comes to both durability and shape retention, laminates by far surpass woven materials. In laminates, the fibers are laid on top of each other, they are not woven, eliminating the stretch that in woven sails is caused by the crimp. The fibers are also less stretchy and can be laid more intentionally to add strength where the loads on the sail are greater.

Membrane Sails

Although a type of laminate sail, membrane sails differ in the way they are built. Whereas laminate sails are made from rolls of prefabricated laminate sailcloth, the membrane sail is made ‘from scratch’, putting together the fibers to make the fabric at the same time as building the sail.

This building method permits the sailmaker to be specific in fiber density across the sail, to match the expected loads put on the sail when in use. These fully custom-made sails are a step up from laminates when it comes to both strength, shape retention, and price. Popular brands making racing membrane sails are Quantum Sails , Doyle Sails , UK Sailmakers and others.

3D Molded Composite / North Sails 3Di

3Di sails, a trademark construction developed by sailmaker North Sails , is a relatively new technology, but one which has found its place at the very top of the range when comparing high-performance sails.

Unlike paneled sails which are built on a flat surface, 3Di sails are built, much like a hull or an airplane wing, using a 3D mold. But, just like traditional sailcloth, 3Di sails are made using fibers or filaments (70% of the sail structure), and resin (30% of the sail structure) .

The filaments used in constructing 3Di sails can be of various materials enhancing different qualities to suit different sailing applications. But the art is in the construction, and it is the way that North Sail use the different materials that sets them apart from other sail constructions.

First, the layout of the sail is determined, drawing out the sail’s size, shape, batten pockets, and reef points. Then the 3D mold will be adjusted exactly to these specifications.

The sails’ structure is made from ultra-thin, resin-impregnated filament tapes laid out on the 3D mold slightly overlapping to form a whole fabric. It is then heat treated to cure the resin before the sail is removed from the form and the sailmaker does his finishing touches.

A huge advantage of 3Di sails is that it does not require the use of mylar film, making the 3Di sail superior to laminates in weight and longevity as there is no concern for delamination.

Fiber Materials

Now you have a better grasp of the different sailcloth constructions, let’s take a look at the individual fiber materials. This should help you get a better understanding of the qualities and weaknesses of each material when applied to different constructions.

Polyester (Dacron)

Polyester or better known by DuPont’s Trademark name Dacron® is still one of the most used materials in the making of woven sails due to its durability, excellent UV resistance, and longevity.

Furthermore, for many sailors the woven Dacron sailcloth, still illustrates the best value for money, with many sailors reporting that their sails are lasting more than 20 years.

The least expensive laminate cloth is made from polyester, and although significantly better than woven polyester cloth, it is the lowest on the scale of stretch resistance when talking laminate sails.

Aramid, short for aromatic polyamide, covers various para-aramids or trademark brands such as Kevlar® , Twaron® , and Technora® .

With a tensile strength equivalent to that of steel, aramid is a very popular material used in making both woven and laminate sails. It is lightweight, very strong, and flexible, and with a much better stretch resistance than polyester, it is a preferred material among many racers.

One downside to aramid is its very poor resistance to UV damage and it is therefore often coated with other protective composites.

Aramid is of midrange cost, and more expensive than polyester. However, this is often justified by its longer lifespan and better shape retention.

Vectran Fiber

Based on polyester with an aramid-type molecular structure, Vectran fiber combines the advantages of both materials. With a focus on durability, Vectran is especially popular with performance cruisers, but due to its inferior stretch resistance compared to pure Aramid, it is not the preferred material for high-performance racers.

Ultra PE (UHMWPE)

Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, better known by its trademark names Dyneema® or Spectra®, is renowned for its exceptional breaking strength. However, under permanent load, the Dyneema fibers do tend to elongate, causing the sail to lose some shape.

Dyneema is especially popular for larger cruising boats where strength and durability are paramount. The high cost of Dyneema is often justified by its excellent strength and good resistance to UV and fatigue ensuring a long sail life.

Carbon Fiber

Another material very popular in the use of both laminate and 3Di sails, carbon has exceptional resistance to both UV and stretch. However, carbon is extremely sensitive to flex and this needs to be considered in sail handling, and flogging should be avoided as best as possible. To give it better flex, carbon is often mixed with the more flexible Ultra PE (Dyneema).

Just like there is a wide range in sail performance so there is in price, and one of the first questions you should ask yourself is, what do you want from a sail and how much money are you willing to pay for it?

Secondly, you should consider your sailing application. Are you a casual sailor looking for a sail to get you across the bay, a long-distance cruiser looking for a sail to last across oceans, or are you a competitive racer looking to outshine your rivals?

The ideal sailcloth material is not necessarily the finest on the market, but the one that lives up to your specific expectations to suit your boat and sailing application.

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Boat Sailor

Type of sails: a comprehensive guide to sails.

As an avid sailing enthusiast and advisor, I am excited to share a complete guide to different types of sails for sailboats. Choosing the right sail is crucial for optimizing sailing performance and ensuring safety in various weather conditions. In this article, we will explore the main type of sails, their advantages, and when to use them effectively. So let’s set sail and delve into the world of sails!

The Main Types of Sails

Mainsail: The Backbone of Sailing

The mainsail, being the largest and most essential sail on a sailboat, plays a central role in driving the vessel forward. It is a fore-and-aft rigged sail attached to the mast and the boom. Mainsails are incredibly versatile and suitable for various wind conditions, making them the go-to sail for most situations. They are easy to steer, even in light winds, making them ideal for relaxed cruising.

Headsail/Jib: Your Go-To Sail for Safety

The headsail, also known as a jib , is a smaller sail located forward of the mast. Its primary purpose is to maintain stability and balance the boat in strong winds. When the wind picks up, the mainsail can become overpowering, and that’s when the headsail steps in to ensure safe and controlled sailing. It’s like having a safety net during rough weather conditions.

Genoa: Power and Versatility Combined

The genoa is a type of headsail that offers more sail area and power compared to a standard jib. It’s perfect for boosting speed and maneuverability, especially in light winds. Genoas are incredibly versatile, making them an excellent choice for sailors who want to get the most out of their sailboat in various conditions.

Sailing Ship Rigs: A Historical Perspective

In the era of the “golden age of sail,” different sail plans were used on sailing vessels to optimize their performance and accommodate smaller crews.

Fore and Aft Rig

The fore-and-aft rig, consisting of sails aligned along the length of the boat, includes popular designs like schooners and sloops. These rigs required smaller crews and were well-suited for coastal and fishing trades.

Square topsail schooners with athwart sails were also prevalent during that time. They were used for cargo ships and long voyages, but their complex rigging required larger crews to handle the sails effectively.

The Golden Age of Sail

This period marked the peak of sailing ship technology and saw remarkable advancements in shipbuilding and sail design. It’s a fascinating chapter in the history of sailing that continues to inspire sailors to this day.

Type of Sails Names: Decoding the Terminology

Mainsail and Foresail

The mainsail, as mentioned earlier, is the principal sail that catches the wind to move the boat forward. Foresail is a general term that includes various sails positioned near the bow of the sailboat, such as the jib and genoa.

Genoa and Jib

The genoa and jib are both types of foresails. The genoa is larger and overlaps the mainsail, providing additional power and efficiency. The jib, on the other hand, is smaller and is used when the wind is stronger.

Staysail and Spinnaker

Staysails are triangular sails set between masts and stays, used to improve stability and balance. Spinnakers are large, balloon-shaped sails used for downwind sailing, providing an extra boost of speed.

Choosing the Right Sail for Different Conditions

Sailing in Light Winds

In light winds, the mainsail is your best friend. It’s highly efficient and capable of catching even the slightest breeze, propelling the boat forward smoothly.

Sailing in Strong Winds

When the wind picks up, it’s time to rely on the headsail or jib. These sails provide a reduced surface area, preventing the boat from becoming overpowered and ensuring a controlled sail.

Navigating Challenging Weather

Different weather conditions call for different sails. Understanding the intricacies of each sail and when to use them will help you navigate through challenging weather with ease.

Type of Sails Materials: Quality Matters

Traditional Canvas Sails

Traditional canvas sails, made of materials like cotton or linen, were commonly used in the past. While they offer a classic charm, their performance and durability have limitations compared to modern sail materials.

Modern Sail Materials

Today, sail manufacturers utilize advanced materials like Dacron, Mylar, and Kevlar. These materials offer superior strength, low stretch, and better shape retention, contributing to improved sailing performance.

Pros and Cons of Each Material

Understanding the pros and cons of different sail materials will help you make an informed decision when purchasing or maintaining your sails.

Understanding Sail Shapes and Configurations

The Science of Sail Shape

Sail shape is crucial for maximizing performance and efficiency. Properly trimmed sails allow you to sail efficiently, whether you’re sailing upwind or downwind.

Balancing Performance and Stability

Finding the right balance between performance and stability is essential. Adjusting sail shape and trim can significantly impact your sailing experience.

Fine-Tuning Sail Trim

Sail trim is an art form. Mastering the art of fine-tuning sail trim will make you a more skilled sailor and enhance your overall sailing experience.

The Evolution of Sail Designs

From Classic to Cutting-Edge

Sail design has come a long way. From classic traditional sails to modern, innovative designs, sailmaking has witnessed significant evolution.

How Technology Impacted Sail Design

Technological advancements have revolutionized sailmaking, resulting in more efficient, aerodynamic, and performance-oriented sails.

Innovation in Sailmaking

Sailmakers are continually exploring new materials and construction techniques to create sails that are lighter, stronger, and more efficient than ever before.

Sailing Techniques: Getting the Most Out of Your Sails

Tacking and Gybing

Tacking and gybing are essential sailing maneuvers used to change the direction of the boat and optimize the use of wind.

Maximizing Speed

To get the most out of your sails, understanding how to trim them properly and sail at optimal angles is crucial for achieving higher speeds.

Safety Precautions

Sailing is exhilarating, but safety should always be a top priority. Understanding safety procedures and precautions will ensure a safe and enjoyable sailing experience.

Maintaining and Storing Sails

Sail Care and Maintenance

Proper care and maintenance are essential to prolong the life of your sails and keep them in top condition.

Storing Sails Properly

When not in use, storing sails correctly can prevent damage and maintain their performance over time.

Extending the Lifespan of Sails

With proper care and attention, you can extend the lifespan of your sails, making them a worthy investment.

Sustainable Sailing: Eco-Friendly Sail Materials

The Impact of Traditional Sails on the Environment

Traditional sail materials, while charming, may have a more significant environmental impact compared to modern, eco-friendly alternatives.

Eco-Friendly Sail Options

Eco-conscious sailors can explore sustainable sail materials that minimize environmental harm without compromising performance.

Embracing Sustainable Practices

As sailors, we have a responsibility to protect the oceans and environment. Embracing sustainable practices in sailing is essential for the well-being of our planet.

As we conclude this comprehensive guide to different type of sails, I hope you now have a deeper understanding of the critical role sails play in sailing. Choosing the right sail and mastering sail techniques will elevate your sailing experience to new heights. Remember, sailing is an ever-evolving journey of learning and adventure.

Which sail is best for light winds?

The mainsail is the most suitable sail for light winds as it can efficiently catch even the slightest breeze and keep the boat moving smoothly.

What is the purpose of a genoa?

The genoa is a type of sails that provides additional power and versatility, making it an excellent choice for boosting speed and maneuverability in various wind conditions.

What sail material is most durable?

Modern sail materials like Dacron and Kevlar offer superior strength and durability compared to traditional canvas sails made of cotton or linen.

How do I maintain my sails?

Proper care and maintenance, including regular cleaning and inspection, will help prolong the life of your sails and ensure they perform optimally.

Are there eco-friendly sail options?

Yes, eco-conscious sailors can opt for sustainable sail materials that minimize environmental impact, contributing to a greener and more sustainable sailing experience.

Michael Thompson

Embarking on a lifelong love affair with the sea, I found solace and exhilaration in the art of sailing. From navigating treacherous waters to harnessing the wind's untamed power, my passion has evolved into a mission to inspire others. Join me on a voyage of discovery as we explore the vast horizons of sailing's timeless allure.

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Sail materials : The differences between fabric, laminate and membrane

Michael Rinck

· 14.11.2023

There are three main methods for the production of sailcloth that affect its properties

This article is part of a sailing special. The contents:

How sailcloth is made
Tyra Ply: Filament technology also for cruising sailors
The differences between fabric, laminate and membrane
The different sail cuts
Which sails you really need
Proper care and maintenance of sails
Stowing sails correctly
Small sailmaking encyclopaedia

The time often comes sooner than you think. The sail is no longer optimised and needs to be replaced. Owners certainly have very different views on when this is the case. Many used boats still have the original sail wardrobe attached, which usually continues to do its job even after more than 20 years, and replacement is only considered when the seams become brittle and patching is no longer an option. However, the profile has not been ideal for a long time. By stretching the fabric, the entire sail becomes more bulbous and the deepest point moves from the first third behind the luff to the centre of the cloth. As the sail can then no longer be trimmed flat and the profile is shifted, it generates more pressure but less propulsion. As a result, the sail has to be reefed earlier. In addition to the loss of performance, comfort also suffers.

When assessing a used sail, it is therefore important to look at the profile and the condition of the material. With sails made of polyester fabric (Dacron), the profile loses its shape more quickly, but the cloth itself is extremely durable and can last for decades without major damage. Depending on the fibre used, laminate sails keep their profile significantly longer, but they will eventually break down mechanically due to delamination. If you can decide to postpone the purchase of a new Dacron cloth despite a deformed profile, this is not possible with a defective laminate sail. However, the latter retains its profile almost until the mechanical end of its service life.

Most read articles

The most important criteria for choosing a new sail

This aspect also plays an important role in the choice of sailcloth. New sailcloth is an expensive purchase, but it should not be forgotten that the sails are the main drive of the yacht. However, the choice depends not only on money, but especially on the use of the boat. If the boat is only used as a daysailer on an inland sailing area or is used rather infrequently, even inexpensive products will certainly last quite a long time. For active regatta sailors, on the other hand, high-quality cloths are almost mandatory. However, cruising sailors also benefit from a low-profile and low-stretch wardrobe. After all, well-trimmed sails that propel the boat quickly upwind can make the difference between a great day's sailing that brings you closer to your destination and a day in harbour due to unfavourable wind direction.

Sailcloth has different properties depending on the fibre used and how it is processed. The main criteria are strength, elongation, UV resistance, kink resistance and price. The strength determines how much fibre has to be used per square metre of sail and therefore determines the profile stability and weight of the cloth - the more stable the fibre, the better a lightweight sail will hold its profile. The profile stability also depends in particular on the elongation of the fibres under load. Resistance to buckling and UV resistance are decisive factors in the lifespan of the cloth. Of course, the price also plays an important role, although it cannot be said that a particularly expensive sail will last the longest. In addition to the fibre, the cut of the finished sail also plays an important role. However, the processing is also particularly decisive for the properties of the sail.

Fabric, laminate or membrane: spoilt for choice

There are two main differences here: woven fabrics and laminates. The former are classic fabrics made from warp and weft yarns, usually polyester. However, other fibres can also be incorporated, in which case they are referred to as hybrid fabrics. In the case of laminates, the fibres are placed in the load path as far as possible and bonded with film. Mylar film, for example, can be used. Whether one or two films are used also varies. Additional finishing with taffeta ensures larger bending radii and protects the fibres from breaking when packing the sail and from abrasion. There are many possible fibre blends and production methods that enable a wide range of applications.

As soon as sails are not white, but grey or black, it gets expensive. But what are common materials?

Polyester: Polyester fibres are durable due to their good UV resistance and resistance to buckling. However, Dacron fabric has quite a lot of stretch

The most common fabrics for cruising yachts are polyester fabrics. The fibre is very resistant, it can withstand creases and UV radiation for a long time and the price is also low. However, polyester stretches quite a lot under load. Special weaves, more fibre per square metre or the addition of Dyneema can also make Dacron sails very profiled. A well-known fabric variant is Hydranet from Dimension-Polyant. Dyneema fibres are extremely stable, hardly stretch at all and are kink and UV resistant. However, the price is significantly higher than for polyester. Dyneema is also used in laminates. The disadvantage is that it can creep under prolonged heavy loads and thus change its profile.

Kevlar is an aramid fibre, low-stretch and high-strength, good for high-performance laminate sails. However, the fibres are susceptible to kinking and UV damage. Everything speaks in favour of regatta sails that need to perform well but also need to be regularly renewed.

The best material for new sails: Is carbon fibre unbeatable?

Technora Black is another aramid fibre, but it has slightly better folding properties and is not as sensitive to UV radiation. This makes it suitable for cruising laminates - similar to Vectran fibres, which are based on polyester but are between polyester and aramid in terms of structure and strength and are quite robust against UV radiation and buckling.

The absolute frontrunner in terms of strength, low stretch and UV stability is carbon fibre. But this material also has two disadvantages: The fibres are quite brittle, so they can break easily, and they are also very expensive. Sails made of carbon fibre are very true to profile, light, but not particularly durable compared to polyester.

Nylon fibres are an exception, as they are very strong, but have a lot of stretch. This stretch is acceptable for gennakers and spinnakers. In addition, the fabric must be light so that the sail remains stable even in light winds. Due to the lower apparent wind on cruising yachts, these sails tend to be used in light winds. The thermoplastic polyamides (nylon is the trade name) are very resistant to buckling and abrasion. However, they are not suitable for upwind sails.

A direct comparison of the different materials and processing methods

Fibres in comparison. Source: North Sails

The diagram above shows the most common materials for sails. Polyester has its strengths in UV and kink resistance and is by far the cheapest fibre. However, aramid (Kevlar), Dyneema and especially carbon are stronger and stiffer - properties that come at a price. For larger cruising sails, Dyneema, which is based on polyethylene, is a good alternative to both polyester and carbon. Especially as carbon is so strong and stiff that the other fittings on board should be matched to it. Nylon is only used for room sheet sails.

Example from Elvstrøm: Amwind wardrobes for four different user profiles using the example of a Hanse:

yacht/2023-10-10-11-32-35-021-jk-sm-segel-marktubersichtindd-at-344_7cba71b6d5c8ac01721b55a894502629

NYLET, a family business (since 1832), has moved with the times over 3 centuries and for many years been run on a mail order basis. We are thus able to focus on orders from home and abroad enabling us to effect a brisk turnaround on stock items. On a personal note, a milestone - in 2024 I celebrate 58 years of model sailmaking (taking over from my late father in 1981) and am pleased to say that I take great pleasure in my work, every sail I make is given equal attention to detail. Our skills represent some 108 years of sailmaking experience when taken together with my late father, who taught me most of what I know. It might actually be 118 years if I reckon his early years working for his father (a keen yachtsman) and making sails for the dinghy he constructed in the mid 1920's (before making sails commercially). Our family firm (originally known as J.Parsons) was established in 1832, 5 generations ago and originally being chandlery supplies and manufacturing canvas goods, sheeting, tilts etc. for narrowboat hauliers as well as farmers, then later in the marquee trade and in turn manufacturing full size sails as well as model sails from the early 1930's. We are proud that in our family business we can say this is some 192 years of manufacturing.

How to order and pay . VISA, MASTERCARD & PayPal accepted, or electronic bank transfer (BACS). Please email or phone with your order. FOR DELIVERY times and making/putting up your order please see relevant info pages.

Les visiteurs de la France s'il vous plait cliquer sur "bienvenue". Los visitantes procedentes de Espana, por favor haga clic en "bienvenue".

Today - Racing sails in scrim and film, Dacron sails & Heritage sewn Dacron sails. Nylet Finest 'Premium' cotton sails, fittings etc. 2016 - Frank Parsons marked his 50th year of model sailmaking. 1966 - Coloured Terylene racing sails. 1932 - Commencement of full size and model sailmaking. 1834 - Founding of the family firm, J.Parsons (canvas goods manufacturers). 1772 - My 4th gt grandfather, Michael, a Silk Mercer in High Holborn, London, working with fine cloths. 1738 - My 5th gt grandfather, Michael Compigné, Goldsmith, London, a specialist miniature maker for private customers, items made in gold & silver. 1620 - My 8th, 7th & 6th gt grandfathers, Clockmakers in Normany, London, and Winchester. From 1620 to 2022, over 400 years of the finest craftsmanship. 400 Plus Years of Tradition

Sails made by Special Commission for Collectors & Museums. Nylet IOM racing sails finely manufactured in racing scrim, white Dacron and satin film. Also replacement kit sails; Classic Varnished Terylene sails, also "Heritage" 1960's style sewn white Dacron sails made exclusively by Nylet. Also Premium 'Vintage' style cotton sails. Any size sails, of any type, made to your drawings or templates. Just a note, sail suits are often wrongly referred to as "sets". In nautical parlance sails are a "suit" whether that be 2, 3 or 4 sails (or more) for a yacht or a working boat, or a ship of the line such as HMS Victory where a dozen or more sails may be involved. All our sails are priced as a suit.

Makers of model sails to the National Maritime Museum Cornwall.

*Note: Wind conditions within sail type & design parameters.

Please note, we are not a "shop" (we have been asked). Phone us to chat, always happy to help.

The Nylet website is often updated weekly; updated August 2024

SOME Testimonials

Thank you for the BB3 booklet - a mine of information.

Thank you for such excellent service again, quality goods sent at lightning speed. A credit to how things should be done.

I had various recommendations of who to get sails from but the other day I saw a yacht with your sails and it just shone out, the shape looked beautiful, so I decided there and then to contact you.

Thanks Frank, sails arrived, what a work of art! They are incredible!

The fittings arrived in record time and I am really grateful to you for such a superb service.

I was pleased to receive my new IOM sails today, they are very good indeed just what I wanted, possibly the best I have ever had, good workmanship.

Many thanks for the superb Seawind sails that arrived this morning. I really appreciate the speed of processing of the order, and the precision of the finished sails.

Sails received with thanks. Great quality and great fit!

The M-class sails arrived and absolutely fantastic, really pleased and more than happy to recommend your workmanship.

The Voyager sails arrived in perfect condition and look beautiful. Thank you very much for the nice work!

Just to let you know that the new IOM sails work very well, thank you. I had 2x1st, 2x2nds,2x3rds, and 1 fourth. So I came first overall after 7 races.

I live on the coast of NSW in Australia. Some time ago I bought Spirit No.2751 (the one featured on your site). I am currently racing the boat here in Australia in several IOM fleets. The elliptical rudder works perfectly and the boat is at full potential now, points higher than the TS2 and the Topiko. Neither are faster off the wind.... Thanks for a great boat, I have never felt another IOM that glides to windward like the Spirit 3. All your efforts are appreciated here.

I just wanted to say a really big thank you for the lovely suit of Dacron Heritage (sewn) sails you have made for my vintage 4 foot model J Class sloop. I have put the sails on the spars and they look superb! They are beautifully made as I expected them to be, but in all fairness it is actually better than I had even hoped for.

Sails have arrived safely and look fantastic. Very many thanks.

Many thanks, order arrived today, superb service as always.

Just a note to thank you for phoning me with the expected delivery of the Dragon sails. They came the same day! I have to say that they look stunning and beautifully made with lovely details.

Safely received! Thanks for the great service.

Hope you are doing well, again, thank you for the (cotton) sails. They turned out beautifully.

I immediately rigged my 36"-class and was happy about the perfect fit of the (cotton) sails. They are wonderful and I am happy. Thank you very much!

Sails arrived this morning, as promised; they are a work of art - the real thing! Whatever else people say about the barge, they will say "who made her sails?"

Sails have arrived safely. But what a superb job, my old girl will be the best dressed yacht at any of our VMYG meetings. Wonderful work of the very highest standard as always from you, I cannot thank you enough.

I've never won anything before with my One metre (IOM) yacht but with your sails newly fitted I won the series of races. An excellent job, marvellous, thank you.

Hi. Sails arrived today, very impressed. Thank you.

I received my sails today....PERFECT...arrives safely. Perfect fit and I look forward to sailing with the new sails!!!!!! THANKS,

Received the sails, many thanks - as usual, quality better than expected!

Hi Frank, The One Metre sails are looking great.

Hi Frank thanks for another great (sail) job.

Thank you for your most attentive service, my best regards.

Dear Frank, the sails arrived safely on time, as promised. Superb quality and workmanship, as ever.

more comments from satisfied customers

Just a quick email to let you know the J class sails arrived in perfect condition and look amazing. I will of course send you some pictures when the boat is finished.

Hi Frank. The sails arrived today - they look great. I very much look forward to getting them rigged and tried out. I've already taken trophies with the sails you made for my 10 rater so hoping for more of the same.

The (Seawind) sails have arrived, the only thing I can say is - WOW. What a difference compared with the standard sails.

Absolutely magnificent (cotton) sails!

Congratulations for your sails! They look perfect and the belly looks fine and regular. Many thanks for the high quality of your work.

Many thanks for the most efficient service.

Sails received with thanks. You are a true craftsman.

Looking forwards to receiving the (Mascotte) sails, your workmanship always gives me pleasure.

Many thanks for the first class service you always give, items arrived this morning so that's my bank holiday weekend sorted!

Sails arrived this morning, superb as usual, thanks again.

Beautiful suit of sails arrived safe this morning, thank you.

Hello Frank, the sails arrived yesterday and are super thanks. I attach a photo of them fitted to my yacht.

Thanks for the BEAUTIFUL (cotton) SAILS which arrived today. What fantastic work. Amazing. Well worth the wait! I've fitted the sails to the spars. Fantastic. My goodness you are a skilled and talented man. I saw the shape you had made before fitting and understood why you did so, but only when rigged did it all make sense. Amazing. And those tiny brass eyelets... I took the yacht to my sister this morning. What a thing of beauty, was the unanimous cry. Forgot to get a picture for you in all the excitement... watch this space. I am so grateful to you, and will be coming back for more!

Thanks for your great service and friendly advice.

Order arrived this morning (next day), all OK, excellent service.

Just arrived, perfect delivery! Thank you Frank, and have a nice Weekend!

Many thanks for the prompt reply (directing me to the price list). Lots of goodies there!

The items arrived in the post today, all Ok. Thank you for the quick and excellent service, its nice to know that small orders like mine are given the same service as larger orders.

Hi Frank, (cotton) sails have arrived, they are perfect, you did a lovely job, will send you a pic when on the boat.

Just received my glorious suit! Magnificent! The tablings..... marvellous!!!... the stitching lines, the overall shape, every detail, all very beautiful indeed! I can't tell you how delighted I am. You must understand, the wind has always held a magical place in my heart and the thin membrane with which we apply our feeble human attempts to have it do our way over an equally mysterious sea..... alchemy indeed. I hold this suit in my hands and it all comes alive again. You sir, are a Wizard of Dacron. Thank you for your brilliant work, I raise a glass to you Sir,

Really thanks again for your great products and service!

The sails arrived safely yesterday and look amazing. I am very pleased with the result and they will make the yacht look smarter than she has ever done.

Hello Frank. Thank you for all your help, the sails, mast and fittings are all first class and Starlet is sailing beautifully.

Amazing. I wish all British businesses ran on your lines!

Hi Frank, sails (Nottingham J) arived safely this morning, very pleased, they are very well made and look beautiful. Merry Christmas.

Thanks Frank, wonderful service.

Your sails are a work of art. I wish I had the energy to have all my sails replaced with yours.

IMAGES

Sail Material Guide
closeup of texture and pattern of synthetic mylar fibre yacht sail
The Ultimate Guide to Sail Types and Rigs (with Pictures)
Types of Sail Cloth and How to Choose
Sail Material Guide
Sail Material Guide

COMMENTS

FIBERS & FABRICS: A SAILOR'S GUIDE
Ultra PE fiber is expensive, but very long sail life ensures high value in these sails. Carbon Fiber appeared in sails during the 1992 America's Cup and has since been widely accepted in grand prix sailing - including high end cruising applications. Carbon fibers are impervious to UV damage and have extremely high modulus (low stretch), but ...
Sunbrella, Marine Canvas, Sailcloth, Fabric and Hardware
Sailmaker's Supply. Your on-line source for knowledge, wisdom, Dacron sailcloth, Sunbrella®, thread, and all the marine fabrics and products you need to sew your own sails and marine canvas! From $6 card holders to professional tools and sewing machines, we have unique gifts to please even the most difficult-to-buy-for boater!
Modern sail fabrics and how to choose them
Yachts and yachting news, sailing news. Global yacht fleet directory. Regatta calendar, boat shows and other yachting events schedule. Commentary. Blogs. Photo and video galleries. Use of any material from the site is allowed only when the source is quoted. Texts and images copyrights belong to their respective authors.
Types of Sail Cloth and How to Choose
3D 'Load Path' Sail Fabric. Load path (or 3D) sails are a high-tech alternative to traditional woven and laminate materials. Load path sails are molded specifically to encourage certain handling characteristics by forcing air down a predetermined 'path.' These three-dimensional sails are popular on racing vessels. Pros: Best efficiency
What Are Sails Made Of? (And What's Right For You)
The fibers from which sailboat sails are made could include any number of natural or synthetic materials, that can range from cotton, flax, or hemp, to polyester, nylon, and more. Deciding upon the right one usually depends on what type of sailboat you are using or your reason for sailing. The most common material used in sails is also the most ...
Sailcloth 101
Understanding Laminate Sail Materials. Laminated sails were first introduced in the early 1970s. The Australian 12-Meter Southern Cross tried using Kevlar fibers laminated to film and built as a crosscut sail before the 1974 America's Cup. These early attempts at laminated sails proved to be unreliable—they were prone to break without notice—and were never used in competition.
Sailcloth
Sailcloth. Sails made with synthetic fibers. Sailcloth is cloth used to make sails. It can be made of a variety of materials, including natural fibers such as flax, hemp, or cotton in various forms of sail canvas, and synthetic fibers such as nylon, polyester, aramids, and carbon fibers in various woven, spun, and molded textiles.
The Sail Cloth and Material Techniques
Choosing the Right Sail Material and Construction; Caring for Your Sails; Conclusion; Introduction to Sail Cloth and Materials. Sail cloth and materials play a significant role in determining the performance and durability of your sails. The type of material you choose will affect your boat's speed, handling, and overall sailing experience.
The Ultimate Guide to Sail Types and Rigs (with Pictures)
Sails weigh anywhere between 4.5-155 lbs (2-70 kg). The reason is that weight goes up exponentially with size. Small boats carry smaller sails (100 sq. ft.) made from thinner cloth (3.5 oz). Large racing yachts can carry sails of up to 400 sq. ft., made from heavy fabric (14 oz), totaling at 155 lbs (70 kg).
Choose the right sailcloth
Flex resistance. This is key to the longevity of any sail - the structural fibres are flexed every time the sail is folded or creased, and when the sail is flogging while being hoisted, lowered, reefed, or during a tack. The sailcloth material with the best flex resistance - woven Dacron - unfortunately is the one with greatest stretch.
The State of the Main: A Look at Sail Materials and Sailmaking Methods
Jenkins cruisers sailcloth of choice is either Dimensions high-quality Dacron (polyester) square weave or Challenges Marblehead weave. The latter is a cloth comprising DuPont 52 and Honeywell IW70 yarns. Both materials are light on resin and pack lots of thread into every square inch of cloth.
Sail Material Guide
For North Sails, building high quality sails has always meant using the best materials. Since inception, we have consistently delivered industry-changing advances and innovations in sailmaking technology, developing materials and processes to fit the needs of a wide range of boats and types of sailing. 3Di MOLDED COMPOSITE SAILS.
CRUISING SAILS MATERIAL GUIDE
Developed for cruising boats up to 45 ft, RENEW is the start of an important shift in sailmaking towards more sustainable materials that maintain the performance and longevity expected from North Sails. Boat Size: 25-45' | Cruiser Type: Coastal, Blue Water | Furling Mast/Boom: Yes | Fabric: Recycled polyester film, taffeta and yarn | Features ...
Sailing Materials
Modern Sailboat Construction and Materials . Our boats have progressed a lot since the wooden-hulled and canvas-sailed ships of the past. Revolutionary new materials mean boats and sails that resist water, pests, and UV damage. As a result, years are added to the life of parts, and maintenance costs are reduced in the process.
Marine Canvas Fabric
Sailrite is your source for quality marine canvas fabric. Shop the best marine fabric brands in the industry, including Sattler®, Marlen, Odyssey® and more. Hundreds of marine canvas fabrics are in stock and sold by the yard. Stay in the loop! Never miss sale announcements, how-to blogs, new product launches, helpful tutorials and more!
Sail Material Guide
Sail Material Guide For Mainsails and Headsails. We live in a sailing era where technology is advancing at incredible speed, and when it comes to sailcloth, it can be hard to navigate the wide selection of products available on the market. From the more traditional woven Dacrons to high-tech 3D composites, every material has its advantages and ...
RCSails
Sails are the only means to propel a RC yacht that's why a lot of attention is needed building the sails. Anyway it is not difficult to build well cut and working sails. The more experienced the sail maker gets the better the sails work. ... Wide spread materials for sail making are Mylar or Polyester Drawing Film in thicknesses of 50 or 70 ...
Sailcloth Dacron Nylon Insignia Tanbark
SALE - Nylon Ripstop Spinnaker Cloth. $10.75 $5.00 per yard. This was a special purchase of Nylon Ripstop Spinnaker Cloth in Orange, Raspberry (Pink) and Hot Pink. The Orange... View Options. Sailmaker's Supply sells a wide variety of Dacron sailcloth & nylon spinnaker cloth. We also sell tanbark sailcloth & polyester insignia cloth for boats.
Type of Sails: A Comprehensive Guide to Sails
Modern Sail Materials. Today, sail manufacturers utilize advanced materials like Dacron, Mylar, and Kevlar. These materials offer superior strength, low stretch, and better shape retention, contributing to improved sailing performance. Pros and Cons of Each Material. Understanding the pros and cons of different sail materials will help you make ...
Model Yacht Sail Catalog and Price List
2023 CATALOG AND PRICE LIST. 1) Select color for corner reinforcements: (red, yellow, blue, green, day-glo orange, day-glo pink, black or white.) 2) Select mainsail to mast attachment: Mast loops, jackwire, bolt-rope. 4) If Class Insignia and racing numbers required, select color: (red, blue, green or black), (add $15.)
Sailrite
Sail bags, boat covers, weather cloths and winch covers — we've got fabrics for projects big and small. ... Stamoid is the most popular vinyl topping fabric used on super yachts. This waterproof, vinyl-coated, high-tenacity woven polyester boasts almost zero fabric shrinkage, making it a favorite choice for T-tops, awnings, dodgers and ...
Sail material: The difference between fabric, laminate and membrane
The price range extends from 4,500 to 10,380 euros - a huge difference. Even if the budget allows for it, the most expensive one is not necessarily the best choice. A new, well-fitted sail brings more sailing fun and comfort to any boat. The choice of material determines how long these benefits last.
Nylet
Using technological advances in materials coupled with innovation, expertise and tradition over 92 years to bring you the very finest model sails. ... We have been exporting our products world-wide since 1958 and offer a comprehensive model sailmaking service including yacht sails made in white Dacron, also racing scrim, and IOM sail rig kits ...