46 cruiser yacht for sale

Cruisers Yachts 46 Cantius

Step aboard the pinnacle of maritime luxury where tranquility and timelessness converge seamlessly. From the expansive master suite to the gorgeous VIP stateroom, every corner of the 46 Cantius is a symphony of luxury and comfort perfect for longer voyagers. Find a 46 Cantius for sale near you at your local dealer.

The salon area is loaded with all the lovely features you dream about for the ultimate entertainment experience at sea. You'll find an L-shaped dinette with salon seating, opposed bench seating, large windows with breathtaking panoramic views, and a salon TV and stereo.

Anything you could possibly need to prepare a scrumptious home cooked meal on the water is right at your fingertips in the galley.Notable features include a two-burner electric stove, sink, microwave/convection oven, and refrigerator or freezer. Perfect for entertaining, a flat screen TV and secure bottle storage round out the galley features.

Master Stateroom

The full-beam master stateroom with queen size berth is what dreams are made of with its sizable windows allowing plenty of natural light in, convenient cabinet drawer storage, a cozy port lounge, and a flat panel television. There's no choice but to relax in this serene space.

Master Head

You'll have all the privacy you need with the en-suite master head located just off the stateroom, which is equipped with a vessel sink, toilet, and separate shower stall. Store your toiletries in the convenient cabinets beneath the sink. There's also ample counter space and shelves for towels.

Master Closet

VIP Stateroom

Your meal prep will know no bounds with this outstanding grill setup. Whether you and your guests are craving a quick and easy lunch or a three-course dinner, you can do it all. Enjoy a cold drink and keep it secure in the cup holder as you cook.

Specifications

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Cruisers 46 Cantius For Sale

ABOUT THE 46 Cantius

The Cruisers 46 Cantius is a 46-foot express-style boat that was launched by the award-winning Wisconsin-based yacht-building firm Cruisers Yachts in 2019. An assertive profile with a sharp entry, sleek lines, trapezoidal hull glazing, and a curved hood give this vessel a superbly sporty feel, while sporty performance is guaranteed by a set of powerful Volvo Penta engines and a robust hull. The ideal vessel for at-sea entertainment, daytime exploration and longer expeditions, this yacht is bound to be a hit with those seeking sun, sea and surf.

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Contact a SI Sales Professional to learn more about this yacht.

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A foredeck lounge for two features a pair of sunpads with pop-up headrests, while broad side-decks lead back to an aft-cockpit with an emphasis on entertaining. Not only will you find an L-shaped sofa with backrests in marine-grade upholstery out here, but a Release Marine table, integrated stereo-speakers, a hidden fridge and an extending Makefast sunshade provide everything needed to enjoy good drinks and good company in supreme comfort. Head to stern for a full-beam, hydraulically actuating swimming platform that conceals a Kenyon grill, a Vitrifrigo refrigerator and plenty of cup-holders for a genuine beach-club feel at the water’s edge.

Sliding glass doors, cresting wave side windows and a glazed sunroof keep the main-deck salon feeling light and breezy at all times, while décor options including Mocha Oak, brushed grey oak or satin-finished walnut add a touch of elegance. To aft there is an open galley with solid white countertops, a fridge-freezer unit, a microwave, a two-zone stove, a steel sink and plenty of cabinetry. Ahead of this there is a raised dining sofa to port surrounding a Hi-Lo table, while a twin sofa and an HDTV sit to starboard. Up front there is a bench seat facing a modern helm station boasting two Garmin multi-function display screens, Bennett trim-tab switches, joystick handling, a leather-lined steering wheel, a compass and VHF radio.

A popular two-cabin, two-head layout on the lower-deck means that this cruiser is a genuine option for more ambitious expeditions traversing coastal routes and inland waterways. A queen-sized bed in the owner’s stateroom amidship is joined by side-seating, sedate timber paneling, plush carpeting, a full-height closet and a walnut-lined en-suite bathroom with marbled accents, a ceramic bowl-sink, ample storage and a fully enclosed waterfall shower cubicle. The VIP stateroom sits towards the bow and comes with a skylight, a large double with hidden storage underneath, mirrored wall panels and access to a Jack-and-Jill head with a shower.

Twin 435HP Volvo Penta IPS600 diesel pod-drive engines prompt top speeds of up to 31 knots and smooth cruising speeds of 23 knots. Ease into an economy cruise of 6 knots, however, and you will enjoy a range of 1,235 nautical miles.

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Bavaria Cruiser 46

Used yachts for sale, sail monohulls 40ft > 50ft,        bavaria boats for sale, bavaria cruiser 46 boats for sale.

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Used Yachts For Sale From 41 To 50 Feet

Listed below are used yachts for sale worldwide from 41 to 50 feet. Use the search tools to narrow your exploration. SYS Yacht Sales offers a wide range of used yachts for sale, including motor yachts, trawlers, express cruisers, sportfish yachts, flybridge yachts, center consoles, sailboats and everything in between. Search top brands like Sea Ray, Ocean, Tiara, Grand Banks, Riviera and much more. Need assistance? Contact our experienced yacht brokers. We look forward to helping you find the yacht that's right for you.

Princess Yachts 50 flybridge

Sea Ray 500 Sundancer

Golden eagle.

Viking Princess 50' Flybridge MotorYacht

Cruisers 50 Cantius

Prestige 500

Princess Yachts V50 Open

Viking 50 Express

Waterline 50

Tin soldier.

Hatteras 50 Convertible

Egg Harbor 50 Sport Yacht

Custom Spronk Day Charter Cat 50 pax

Kool change.

Hi-Tech Motor Yacht

H&H Marine catamaran 50

Delta Marine Sedan Motoryacht

Nor-Tech 500 Sport

Beneteau Oceanis 50

Hinckley Sou'wester Yawl

Seaton Trawler

X-Yachts X-50

Viking 50 Convertible

CAROLINA LADY

Sunseeker 50 Camargue

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Bavaria 46 Cruiser sailboat for sale

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2005 | 52' Cruisers Yachts 520 Express Cruiser for Sale

2005 cruisers yachts, 52' (15.85m) 520 express -, 2024 storage paid in full custom hull side paint job 2024 custom carbon fiber dash panels 2024 fresh bottom paint 2022 propellers scanned and tuned 2022 complete three step polish and waxed professionally. 1,000 hour service completed by volvo tech 2022 new canvas spring 2023. new cockpit carpet spring of 2023. all seacocks re sealed 2023. tender crane rebuilt 2023. bow thruster. upgraded stereo.

• Grand Haven Michigan United States
• 520 Express
• Fiberglass Hull

$ 350,000 USD

€ 314,927 euros $ 475,940 cad.

• EMAIL BROKER

Description

Freshwater boat with 1,035 hours on her preferred Volvo D12 Diesel engines.

If you are looking for a freshwater 520 Express, this is the one! All service is up to date and she shows beautifully. This boat is turn key and shows VERY well. 

Recent service & notable features:

• 2024 storage paid in full 
• Custom hull side paint job 2024
• Custom carbon fiber dash panels 2024
• Fresh Bottom paint 2022
• Propellers scanned and tuned 2022
• Complete three step polish and waxed professionally.
• 1,000 hour service completed by Volvo tech 2022
• New canvas spring 2023.
• New cockpit carpet spring of 2023.
• All seacocks re sealed 2023.
• Tender crane rebuilt 2023.
• Bow thruster.
• Upgraded stereo 
• (2) Two-burner electric range
• Microwave/convection oven
• Nova Kool fridge/freezer
• Double stainless steel sink
• Lighted bar with display
• Tall pantry
• Synthetic stone countertops
• Recessed lighting

Hull & Deck:

• Hardtop with skylight and opening ports
• Full canvas enclosure
• Air-conditioned helm and cockpit
• Cockpit Seating for 12
• Windlass with anchor washdown
• Cockpit wet bar
• Cockpit icemaker
• Cockpit flat screen TV
• Large swim platform and ladder
• Bow sunpads
• Transom shower
• Remote searchlight
• Walk through windshield
• Onan 13 KW genset in soundshield
• 3 zone air-conditioning and heat
• 20 gal hot water heater
• Central vacuum system
• Dual 30 amp Charles battery chargers
• Battery Parallel switch
• Glendenning 50 amp cablemaster reel
• Telephone cable TV inlet
• 125/250 Vac distribution panel

LOA: 52' " (15.85 Meters)

Type: Power - Used

Bridge Clearance: ' "

Draft Max: ' "

Draft Min: ' "

Full Beam Master: Yes

Maximum Speed: Knots

Cruise Speed: Knots

• Fuel Type: Diesel

Hull Material: Fiberglass

Fuel Tank: Gallons ( Liters)

Fresh Water: Gallons ( Liters)

Holding Tank: Gallons ( Liters)

Full Details

Listing MLS by Yachtr.com

• Engine Make: Volvo
• Engine Model: D12
• Engine Year: 2005
• Engine Type: Inboard
• Drive Type: Direct
• Power HP: 715.00
• Hours: 1036.00

Click any image to view enlarged version. Swipe enlarged image to see additional enlarged images.

Contact Broker

For more information about this yacht please contact Curtis Stokes and Associates, Inc. We look forward to working with you!

Want more information about this yacht?

Curtis stokes & associates.

Suite168 --> Fort Lauderdale, FL Phone: 1-954-684-0218 Toll Free: 1-855-266-5676 Fax: 1-954-807-1445 Email: [email protected] Website: https://www.curtisstokes.net

Curtis Stokes and Associates, Inc. is a yacht brokerage firm consisting of nine offices and fifty brokers throughout the United States offering worldwide marketing, buyer brokerage services and yacht charters. We also specialize in marketing and selling Great Loop capable yachts and boats.

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Caribbean Cruiser: Sanlorenzo SL72 For Sale

• By Jake Lamb
• September 17, 2024

Prior to 2015, the SL72 was Sanlorenzo’s entry-level motoryacht, a platform that is capable of being owner-operated or run with up to two crew members. Worth Avenue Yachts has a 2006 Sanlorenzo SL72 called Koko listed for $990,000. 

“ Koko , crafted by Sanlorenzo Yachts and delivered in 2006, has predominantly cruised the Caribbean waters and has been diligently cared for by her dedicated captain and crew,” says Worth Avenue Yachts. “The interior exudes a blend of modern elegance and relaxation, creating a welcoming ambiance.”

This unique yacht has dazzled with its aesthetically striking design, comfortable interiors and powerful performance. Its spacious deck offers an ideal space for outdoor activities and viewing the view, while its interiors are furnished with high-quality materials and reflect your luxurious lifestyle. The Sanlorenzo SL 72 is a yacht designed to bring your dreams to life at sea, ready to turn every journey into an unforgettable adventure.

The main deck interior has the salon lounge area aft with seating to starboard, formal dining amidships and the main deck galley past the forward bulkhead. The galley is equipped with an array of Miele appliances, including a dishwasher, a refrigerator and freezer and an oven/microwave. 

Outdoor entertainment spaces on Koko vary from the aft deck alfresco dining area to the foredeck’s three-person sun pad. The flybridge offers additional lounge seating abaft the upper helm station and if the midday sun is too much, a Bimini top can offer shade and comfort. 

When a successful day of cruising comes to a close, owners and their guests can head belowdecks to one of four staterooms, each en suite. The master stateroom on the SL72 sits amidships, separated from the engine room by a closet and en suite head which helps to keep noise levels low. The forward VIP stateroom on Koko is abaft the crew quarters with a double berth. The final two guest cabins flank the lower deck with a double-berth cabin to starboard and a twin-berth cabin to port. 

Twin 1,350 hp MTU 10V 2000 M92 diesels give Koko a reported 28-knot top hop and a 22-knot cruise speed. 

Some other notable features on board Koko include: 

• Samsung washer and dryer
• Garmin GPSMAP 8215 display
• Simrad GO12 XSE display
• Simrad AP 44 autohelm
• Simrad IS42
• Simrad RS20 VHF DSC radio
• ACR emergency VHF SR203
• Garmin radar GMR18HD
• two Kohler 20 kW generators

Where is Koko located? The yacht is currently lying in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.  

Take the next step: contact the listing agent, Jeromy Mold, (954) 547-6302, [email protected]. 

Quick Specifications

• Length Overall: 74’9”
• Maximum Beam: 15’5”
• Fuel Capacity:  1,321 gal
• Draft: 6’3”
• More: 50'-99' , Brokerage , Sanlorenzo , Sanlorenzo Yachts , Worth Avenue Yachts , Yachts for Sale
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60 ft used yachts for sale

Used Motor Yachts for Sale from 60 to 70 Feet

Listed below are used motor yachts for sale from 60 to 70 feet in length. Motor yachts vary greatly in their hull design, interior accommodations, engine packages, and performance capabilities. They often feature multiple staterooms for owners and guests as well as bathrooms, showers, full galleys and a wide range of other amenities to make life on board very comfortable and luxurious. SYS Yacht Sales offers a wide range of yachts for sale including Flybrige yachts, Aft Cabin Yachts, Pilothouse Yachts, Convertibles, Trawlers, Sportfish, Express Cruisers and much more. Don't see the vessel you're looking for here? Contact our experienced yacht brokers for assistance, we look forward to helping you find the yacht that's right for you.

Hatteras 70 LRC

Changing course.

Ocean Alexander 70e

Prestige X70

Motor Yacht 70 Brata

Wandrin star.

Azimut 70 Sea Jet

Salt shaker.

Azimut Motor Yacht

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Martini martini.

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Island girl.

Zero Dimension

Pershing 7X

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Knight & Carver 70 MOTOR YACHT

Pershing 70

Johnson Motor Yacht w/Flybridge

Johnson 70' flybridge.

Johnson JOHNSON 70' Skylounge 2025

Johnson 70' skylounge m/y.

Seanfinity T7

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60′ Yachts for Sale

Find the perfect 60 feet yachts for sale.

Our website features plenty of 60′ boats all around the world, discover the perfect yacht closer to you!

Experience the epitome of nautical craftsmanship with FGI Yacht Group’s distinguished collection of 60′ yachts for sale. Each vessel in our repertoire is a seamless fusion of advanced engineering, unparalleled luxury, and meticulous design. Tailored to meet the diverse preferences of our discerning clientele, these 60-foot yachts strike a perfect balance between spacious opulence and maritime performance. Sophisticated interiors, cutting-edge amenities, and exceptional seaworthiness characterize our offerings, ensuring that each journey is steeped in comfort and reliability. Explore our curated selection and allow FGI Yacht Group to guide you towards a distinguished seafaring experience befitting your aspirations.

GALATHEA 65

OFF THE GRID

THIS LITTLE PIGGY

65 SPORT YACHT

BONNIE LASS

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60′ Catamarans Yachts for Sale

Used 60′ catamarans yachts for sale, galathea 65.

19.81m | Fountaine pajot | 2008

64' 2002 OUTREMER 64 "ALIZE"

19.5m | Outremer | 2002

19.22m | Cape power cat | 2014

19.2m | Lagoon | 2017

19.2m | Lagoon | 2020

19m | Maxim | 2004

18.91m | Sunreef | 2006

18.89m | Lagoon | 2012

18.9m | Lagoon | 2013

18.9m | Lagoon | 2012

DEO JUVANTE

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2011 MOXIE 61 TOSCA

18.59m | Custom built | 2011

18.51m | Horizon | 2014

FEEL THE BLUE

18.4m | Sunreef | 2018

18.3m | Sunreef | 2021

18.3m | Sunreef | 2019

60' 2008 FOUNTAINE PAJOT ELEUTHERA

18.28m | Fountaine pajot | 2008

60' 2004 FOUNTAINE PAJOT ELEUTHERA "TAO II"

18.28m | Fountaine pajot | 2004

18.28m | Sunreef | 2015

2021 SUNREEF 60

18.28m | Sunreef | 2021

18.28m | Sunreef | 2020

18.13m | Voyage yachts | 2002

17.67m | Custom | 2006

17.67m | Fountaine pajot | 2017

2015 SUNREEF 58

17.67m | Sunreef | 2015

WINDWARD DESTINY

17.67m | Leopard | 2018

17.4m | Lagoon | 2004

17.3m | Fountaine pajot | 2011

17.25m | Fountaine pajot | 2011

17.06m | Lagoon | 2011

17.07m | Lagoon | 2012

TABULA RASA

17.06m | Lagoon | 2005

17.06m | Privilege | 2016

17.06m | Privilege | 2021

17.06m | Lagoon | 2015

17.06m | Lagoon | 2018

16.9m | Catana | 2022

If there are no brokerage yachts available on the market, you can get in touch with our brokers to find an off market one or build a new one. 

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Used Hatteras 60 Motor Yacht For Sale

The Hatteras 60 Motor Yacht is an overall length of 60 feet 11 inches with a beam reaching 18 feet 2 inches. Although the Hatteras 60 Motor Yacht sets the stage for more expansive offerings within the Hatteras family, there is nothing ‘entry-level’ about the Hatteras 60 Motor Yacht (Hatteras M60). The entire layout above and below, will blow you away with the spacious atmosphere, more than what you would expect. Out of all the yachts in its class, the M60 has the largest salon. The master stateroom is equipped with a full beam and the aft deck is greater in size than many of the larger yachts. Like all Hatteras yachts, the M60 is fully customizable, allowing you to put your personal touch on this vessel throughout.

AVAILABLE YACHTS FOR SALE

60' Hatteras 2001

Boca Raton, Florida, United States

60' Hatteras GT60 2016

Destin, Florida, United States

60' Hatteras 60 Convertible 2002

Charleston, South Carolina, United States

60' Hatteras 2004

West Palm Beach, Florida, United States

60' Hatteras 60GT 2012

Coral Gables, Florida, United States

60' Hatteras 1999

Stuart, Florida, United States

60' Hatteras Motor Yacht 2012

Jupiter, Florida, United States

60' Hatteras 60 Enclosed Bridge 1999

Mobile, Alabama, United States

60' Hatteras Enclosed Bridge 2005

DESCRIPTION

There is no better professional yacht brokerage firm in the industry to help you find the right Hatteras 60 Motor Yacht currently on or off the market. With over 150 yacht brokers worldwide, United has an unbelievable network of both buyers and sellers. We use this to our advantage to help find our customers the right boat for them. There are a lot of available used Hatteras Yachts available and our experienced brokers will research the history of whichever vessels meet your criteria.

Already have a boat? We can sell it for your quickly and efficiently using the most cutting edge marketing techniques available. We don’t just put it on the MLS and wait by the phone. United uses the most advanced marketing tools available from our Google marketing efforts to social media to our email database that consists of more than 75,000 people. So whether you are looking to buy a pre-owned Hatteras 60 Motor Yacht or looking to sell your existing boat, let the team at United help you achieve your boating goals.

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Used Yachts for Sale Between 55' and 60'

Finding used yachts between 55 and 60 feet that fit your budget, your boating requirements, and are within a reasonable distance can be a daunting task with so many options on the market. The team at SI Yachts has been helping boaters find the perfect vessel since 1964 and keeping them on the water through our industry-leading service team. Call our main office today at 1-718-984-7676 and we'll connect you with the right sales professional for the type of boat, brand, or model you are searching to find.

SI Yachts is also the new boat dealer for Viking Yachts, Valhalla Boatworks, Princess Yachts, Prestige Yachts, Absolute Yachts, and HCB Yachts. We can also take your existing boat in on trade towards the purchase of a new boat. Our Diamond Listing Yacht Brokerage services include the most comprehensive marketing plan found anywhere in the industry. Let the team at SI Yachts help you into the right 55 to 60 foot boat or yacht of your dreams.

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Yachts for Sale Location: Moscow

Unfortunately, we currently do not have any yachts in Moscow listed in our inventory. However, our knowledgeable brokers can assist you in locating and acquiring the perfect vessel, even if it's not currently advertised on the market.

Don't hesitate to reach out to our team of experts. They have extensive connections and resources to help you find your dream yacht, tailored to your specific preferences and requirements.

Dyna-Ski Boats custom builds outboard powered water ski boats for recreational skiers and show ski clubs. We have customers all over the world including Malaysia, the Caribbean, Moscow, Russia, the Cayman Islands and Canada. This blog is used to keep readers informed about what is going on at Dyna-Ski and answers questions that are frequently asked. You can also visit www.dyna-ski.com for more information about our boats. Contact Dyna-Ski at [email protected] or call 715-854-7501.

Tuesday, July 2, 2019

Update on things and how to buy a dyna-ski boat, sunday, june 16, 2019, it has been a long slow process . . . . . ., friday, march 9, 2018, update: latest things going on at dyna-ski boats, wednesday, october 25, 2017, don't try this at home.

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How to purchase a dyna-ski boat plus standard equipment & options links, thursday, september 21, 2017, face book and social media, tuesday, august 22, 2017, dyna-ski open bow videos.

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Listed below are used motor yachts for sale between 50 - 60 feet. Motor yachts vary greatly in their hull design, interior accommodations, engine packages, and performance capabilities. They often feature multiple staterooms for owners and guests as well as bathrooms, showers, full galleys and a wide range of other amenities to make life on ...

Motor Yachts listed for sale on YachtWorld offers a diverse price range, from $29,000 on the relatively more affordable end to an astonishing $29,147,615 for the most luxury model vessels available. When evaluating your budget and the listed price of a yacht for sale, it is crucial to factor in the cost of ownership.

How much do motor yachts cost? Prices for motor yachts on Boat Trader range from a reasonable $15,000 at the lower-cost segment to $12,897,750 for the higher end types. Models with the most power can handle motors up to an enormous 5,470 horsepower, while more economic utility models may have as modest as 230 horsepower engines on them ...

Listed below are used motor yachts for sale from 60 to 70 feet in length. Motor yachts vary greatly in their hull design, interior accommodations, engine packages, and performance capabilities. They often feature multiple staterooms for owners and guests as well as bathrooms, showers, full galleys and a wide range of other amenities to make ...

Preowned sailboats for sale over 60 feet preowned sailboats for sale by owner. Home. Register & Post. View All Sailboats. Search. ... Alan Buchanan Design 60-foot Steel Ketch: Length: 60' Beam: 13.8' Draft: 8' Year: 1980: Type: cruiser: Hull: ... 26' Hinterhoeller Yachts Nonsuch 26 Classic New York City, New York Asking $35,000. 25' TPI Freedom 25

Find the perfect 60 Feet Yachts for Sale. Our website features plenty of 60′ boats all around the world, discover the perfect yacht closer to you! Experience the epitome of nautical craftsmanship with FGI Yacht Group's distinguished collection of 60′ yachts for sale. Each vessel in our repertoire is a seamless fusion of advanced ...

Used Yachts for Sale Between 50' and 60'. Finding used yachts between 50 and 60 feet that fit your budget, your boating requirements, and are within a reasonable distance can be a daunting task with so many options on the market. The team at SI Yachts has been helping boaters find the perfect vessel since 1964 and keeping them on the water ...

Find Hatteras 60 Motor Yacht for sale in your area & across the world on YachtWorld. Offering the best selection of Hatteras boats to choose from. ... ft. m. Price. to. USD. Year. to. Class. Power. Power-all-power. All power. Power-motor-yachts. Motor Yachts. ... 2009 Hatteras 60 Motor Yacht. US$1,350,000. ↓ Price Drop. Frank Gordon Yacht ...

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animal farm in class essay

A Summary and Analysis of George Orwell’s Animal Farm

By Dr Oliver Tearle (Loughborough University)

Animal Farm is, after Nineteen Eighty-Four , George Orwell’s most famous book. Published in 1945, the novella (at under 100 pages, it’s too short to be called a full-blown ‘novel’) tells the story of how a group of animals on a farm overthrow the farmer who puts them to work, and set up an equal society where all animals work and share the fruits of their labours.

However, as time goes on, it becomes clear that the society the animals have constructed is not equal at all. It’s well-known that the novella is an allegory for Communist Russia under Josef Stalin, who was leader of the Soviet Union when Orwell wrote the book. Before we dig deeper into the context and meaning of Animal Farm with some words of analysis, it might be worth refreshing our memories with a brief summary of the novella’s plot.

Animal Farm: plot summary

The novella opens with an old pig, named Major, addressing his fellow animals on Manor Farm. Major criticises Mr Jones, the farmer who owns Manor Farm, because he controls the animals, takes their produce (the hens’ eggs, the cows’ milk), but gives them little in return. Major tells the other animals that man, who walks on two feet unlike the animals who walk on four, is their enemy.

They sing a rousing song in favour of animals, ‘Beasts of England’. Old Major dies a few days later, but the other animals have been inspired by his message.

Two pigs in particular, Snowball and Napoleon, rouse the other animals to take action against Mr Jones and seize the farm for themselves. They draw up seven commandments which all animals should abide by: among other things, these commandments forbid an animal to kill another animal, and include the mantra ‘four legs good, two legs bad’, because animals (who walk on four legs) are their friends while their two-legged human overlords are evil. (We have analysed this famous slogan here .)

The animals lead a rebellion against Mr Jones, whom they drive from the farm. They rename Manor Farm ‘Animal Farm’, and set about running things themselves, along the lines laid out in their seven commandments, where every animal is equal. But before long, it becomes clear that the pigs – especially Napoleon and Snowball – consider themselves special, requiring special treatment, as the leaders of the animals.

Nevertheless, when Mr Jones and some of the other farmers lead a raid to try to reclaim the farm, the animals work together to defend the farm and see off the men. A young farmhand is knocked unconscious, and initially feared dead.

Things begin to fall apart: Napoleon’s windmill, which he has instructed the animals to build, is vandalised and he accuses Snowball of sabotaging it. Snowball is banished from the farm. During winter, many of the animals are on the brink of starvation.

Napoleon engineers it so that when Mr Whymper, a man from a neighbouring farm with whom the pigs have started to trade (so the animals can acquire the materials they need to build the windmill), visits the farm, he overhears the animals giving a positive account of life on Animal Farm.

Without consulting the hens first, Napoleon organises a deal with Mr Whymper which involves giving him many of the hens’ eggs. They rebel against him, but he starves them into submission, although not before nine hens have died. Napoleon then announces that Snowball has been visiting the farm at night and destroying things.

Napoleon also claims that Snowball has been in league with Mr Jones all the time, and that even at the Battle of the Cowshed (as the animals are now referring to the farmers’ unsuccessful raid on the farm) Snowball was trying to sabotage the fight so that Jones won.

The animals are sceptical about this, because they all saw Snowball bravely fighting alongside them. Napoleon declares he has discovered ‘secret documents’ which prove Snowball was in league with their enemy.

Life on Animal Farm becomes harder for the animals, and Boxer, while labouring hard to complete the windmill, falls and injures his lung. The pigs arrange for him to be taken away and treated, but when the van arrives and takes him away, they realise too late that the van belongs to a man who slaughters horses, and that Napoleon has arranged for Boxer to be taken away to the knacker’s yard and killed.

Squealer lies to the animals, though, and when he announces Boxer’s death two days later, he pretends that the van had been bought by a veterinary surgeon who hadn’t yet painted over the old sign on the side of the van. The pigs take to wearing green ribbons and order in another crate of whisky for them to drink; they don’t share this with the other animals.

A few years pass, and some of the animals die, Napoleon and Squealer get fatter, and none of the animals is allowed to retire, as previously promised. The farm gets bigger and richer, but the luxuries the animals had been promised never materialised: they are told that the real pleasure is derived from hard work and frugal living.

Then, one day, the animals see Squealer up on his hind legs, walking on two legs like a human instead of on four like an animal.

The other pigs follow; and Clover and Benjamin discover that the seven commandments written on the barn wall have been rubbed off, to be replace by one single commandment: ‘All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.’ The pigs start installing radio and a telephone in the farmhouse, and subscribe to newspapers.

Finally, the pigs invite humans into the farm to drink with them, and announce a new partnership between the pigs and humans. Napoleon announces to his human guests that the name of the farm is reverting from Animal Farm to the original name, Manor Farm.

The other animals from the farm, observing this through the window, can no longer tell which are the pigs and which are the men, because Napoleon and the other pigs are behaving so much like men now.

Things have gone full circle: the pigs are no different from Mr Jones (indeed, are worse).

Animal Farm: analysis

First, a very brief history lesson, by way of context for Animal Farm . In 1917, the Tsar of Russia, Nicholas II, was overthrown by Communist revolutionaries.

These revolutionaries replaced the aristocratic rule which had been a feature of Russian society for centuries with a new political system: Communism, whereby everyone was equal. Everyone works, but everyone benefits equally from the results of that work. Josef Stalin became leader of Communist Russia, or the Soviet Union, in the early 1920s.

However, it soon became apparent that Stalin’s Communist regime wasn’t working: huge swathes of the population were working hard, but didn’t have enough food to survive. They were starving to death.

But Stalin and his politicians, who themselves were well-off, did nothing to combat this problem, and indeed actively contributed to it. But they told the people that things were much better since the Russian Revolution and the overthrow of the Tsar, than things had been before, under Nicholas II. The parallels with Orwell’s Animal Farm are crystal-clear.

Animal Farm is an allegory for the Russian Revolution and the formation of a Communist regime in Russia (as the Soviet Union). We offer a fuller definition of allegory in a separate post, but the key thing is that, although it was subtitled A Fairy Story , Orwell’s novella is far from being a straightforward tale for children. It’s also political allegory, and even satire.

The cleverness of Orwell’s approach is that he manages to infuse his story with this political meaning while also telling an engaging tale about greed, corruption, and ‘society’ in a more general sense.

One of the commonest techniques used in both Stalinist Russia and in Animal Farm is what’s known as ‘gaslighting’ (meaning to manipulate someone by psychological means so they begin to doubt their own sanity; the term is derived from the film adaptation of Gaslight , a play by Patrick Hamilton).

For instance, when Napoleon and the other pigs take to eating their meals and sleeping in the beds in the house at Animal Farm, Clover is convinced this goes against one of the seven commandments the animals drew up at the beginning of their revolution.

But one of the pigs has altered the commandment (‘No animal shall sleep in a bed’), adding the words ‘ with sheets ’ to the end of it. Napoleon and the other pigs have rewritten history, but they then convince Clover that she is the one who is mistaken, and that she’s misremembered what the wording of the commandment was.

Another example of this technique – which is a prominent feature of many totalitarian regimes, namely keep the masses ignorant as they’re easier to manipulate that way – is when Napoleon claims that Snowball has been in league with Mr Jones all along. When the animals question this, based on all of the evidence to the contrary, Napoleon and Squealer declare they have ‘secret documents’ which prove it.

But the other animals can’t read them, so they have to take his word for it. Squealer’s lie about the van that comes to take Boxer away (he claims it’s going to the vet, but it’s clear that Boxer is really being taken away to be slaughtered) is another such example.

Communist propaganda

Much as Stalin did in Communist Russia, Napoleon actively rewrites history , and manages to convince the animals that certain things never happened or that they are mistaken about something. This is a feature that has become more and more prominent in political society, even in non-totalitarian ones: witness our modern era of ‘fake news’ and media spin where it becomes difficult to ascertain what is true any more.

The pigs also convince the other animals that they deserve to eat the apples themselves because they work so hard to keep things running, and that they will have an extra hour in bed in the mornings. In other words, they begin to become the very thing they sought to overthrow: they become like man.

They also undo the mantra that ‘all animals are equal’, since the pigs clearly think they’re not like the other animals and deserve special treatment. Whenever the other animals question them, one question always succeeds in putting an end to further questioning: do they want to see Jones back running the farm? As the obvious answer is ‘no’, the pigs continue to get away with doing what they want.

Squealer is Napoleon’s propagandist, ensuring that the decisions Napoleon makes are ‘spun’ so that the other animals will accept them and carry on working hard.

And we can draw a pretty clear line between many of the major characters in Animal Farm and key figures of the Russian Revolution and Stalinist Russia. Napoleon, the leader of the animals, is Joseph Stalin; Old Major , whose speech rouses the animals to revolution, partly represents Vladimir Lenin, who spearheaded the Russian Revolution of 1917 (although he is also a representative of Karl Marx , whose ideas inspired the Revolution); Snowball, who falls out with Napoleon and is banished from the farm, represents Leon Trotsky, who was involved in the Revolution but later went to live in exile in Mexico.

Squealer, meanwhile, is based on Molotov (after whom the Molotov cocktail was named); Molotov was Stalin’s protégé, much as Squealer is encouraged by Napoleon to serve as Napoleon’s right-hand (or right-hoof?) man (pig).

Publication

Animal Farm very nearly didn’t make it into print at all. First, not long after Orwell completed the first draft in February 1944, his flat on Mortimer Crescent in London was bombed in June, and he feared the typescript had been destroyed. Orwell later found it in the rubble.

Then, Orwell had difficulty finding a publisher. T. S. Eliot, at Faber and Faber, rejected it because he feared that it was the wrong sort of political message for the time.

The novella was eventually published the following year, in 1945, and its relevance – as political satire, as animal fable, and as one of Orwell’s two great works of fiction – shows no signs of abating.

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Animal Farm

George orwell.

Ask LitCharts AI: The answer to your questions

Welcome to the LitCharts study guide on George Orwell's Animal Farm . Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides.

Animal Farm: Introduction

Animal farm: plot summary, animal farm: detailed summary & analysis, animal farm: themes, animal farm: quotes, animal farm: characters, animal farm: symbols, animal farm: literary devices, animal farm: theme wheel, brief biography of george orwell.

Historical Context of Animal Farm

Other books related to animal farm.

• Full Title: Animal Farm
• When Written: 1944-45
• Where Written: England
• When Published: 1945
• Literary Period: Modernism
• Genre: Allegorical Novel
• Setting: A farm somewhere in England in the first half of the 20th century
• Climax: The pigs appear standing upright and the sheep bleat, “Four legs good, two legs better!”
• Antagonist: Napoleon specifically, but the pigs and the dogs as groups are all antagonists.
• Point of View: Third Person

Extra Credit for Animal Farm

Tough Crowd. Though Animal Farm eventually made Orwell famous, three publishers in England and several American publishing houses rejected the novel at first. One of the English editors to reject the novel was the famous poet T.S. Eliot, who was an editor at the Faber & Faber publishing house. One American editor, meanwhile, told Orwell that it was “impossible to sell animal stories in the U.S.A.”

Red Scare. Orwell didn’t just write literature that condemned the Communist state of the USSR. He did everything he could, from writing editorials to compiling lists of men he knew were Soviet spies, to combat the willful blindness of many intellectuals in the West to USSR atrocities.

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Animal Farm by George Orwell: Literary Analysis Essay

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The Significance of the Novel’s Title

The major themes emerging from the novel, important passages and their significance, the setting of the novel and its effects on the plot, the main characters and their motivations, important relationships among characters in the novel, the narrator of the story and impact of his perspective on the narration, the ending of the novel, recommendation of the novel, works cited.

George Orwell’s Animal Farm is often discussed as an allegorical story having the features of the fable and satire. The significance of the novella’s title is in its satirical nature. An animal farm is traditionally discussed as a place where animals are bred by humans. The farms are usually named after the owner. However, Animal Farm is rather different. It is a place where animals are owners of the properties (Orwell 6). While referring to the meaning and significance of the phrase which is used for the title of the novella, it is important to emphasize the opposition between animals and humans as well as their differences.

The name “Animal Farm” is chosen by the characters in order to accentuate the meaning of this specific place where animals can rule instead of humans and without being exploited by them. However, the ownership of the farm by animals is a rather provocative idea. While focusing on the fact that the purpose of the novella is to present the political regime in the Soviet Union before World War II, it is possible to state that the title is significant because it stresses on the inhuman nature of Joseph Stalin’s regime.

Providing the title for the work, Orwell seems to ask the questions about the differences in the regime of the Soviet Union and irrational rule of animals at the farm. The satirical title is significant because the reader also starts asking questions about the political and social meaning of the work’s message and ideas. Using the metaphor in the title, Orwell draws the readers’ attention to the Animal Revolution as his allegory to demonstrate the results of the Russian Revolution of 1917. That is why, the title is significant to represent the double meaning of the story and stimulate the readers’ interpretation of the literal and allegorical aspects of the title’s meaning.

The major themes represented in the novella are the leadership and power in the Soviet Union, corruption, inequality, the role of an individual in the society, exploitation, and control. In his novella, Orwell discusses the power in the Soviet Union as unlimited and focused in the hands of the elite, as it is typical for the totalitarian governments. These leaders are allegorically described in the characters of pigs which are powerful, but selfish, brutal, and vicious.

The theme of corruption is discussed with the help of stating that the absolute power makes people corrupted or depraved because of receiving the unlimited resources. Thus, those pigs which were the leaders of the Animal Revolution betrayed their ideals and principles and chose to live in Manor’s house because of the convenience and extreme desire to satisfy their needs while ignoring the needs of the other working animals.

These animals chose to follow the principle “All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others” (Orwell 112). Thus, Orwell also discusses the themes of inequality and the role of an individual in the society. In spite of the fact that the Animal Revolution was declared to be organized for the welfare of all animals, only the leaders received the real benefits. The same situation was observed in the Soviet Union. The social stratification and the division into rich and poor were not overcome, but these problems were hidden now.

The other significant themes discussed in the fable are exploitation and control supported by the leaders of the revolution. The pigs were satisfied with the work of hard-working animals, but any differences in the views could result in violent punishment. This allegory represents how Stalin chose to resolve the problems with dissenters. Thus, the institution of control in the Soviet Union was People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs, and the guarantee of the pig’s control was dogs which were used to persecute dissenters.

The first passage that attracts the reader’s attention is Major’s speech about the role of a man in the world. Thus, Major states in his speech, “Man is the only creature that consumes without producing…Yet he is lord of all the animals” ( Orwell 6 ). Major notes that a man makes animals work, but he does not care about them and only “prevent them from starving” ( Orwell 6). Major persuades the animals that they are better than men, and they have to rebel while focusing on the threats of exploitation. This statement reflects the Socialists’ arguments declared during the Revolution period. However, the significance of the passage is in the fact that the pigs forget about their statements and ideals while receiving some power, and they begin to exploit the others.

In Chapter 3, the principles of the Socialists’ attitude to work and the belief of the poor men in the better future are reflected. The horse Boxer becomes the inspiration for each animal at the farm because he follows the principle “I will work harder!” (Orwell 25). This principle is actively followed by lower class animals, but it is also used by the pigs to exploit workers. The ideology prevents these animals from seeing the real situation at Animal Farm.

The expulsion of Snowball with the help of dogs can be discussed as the important allegorical description of the struggle between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky observed in the Soviet Union. Napoleon used any means to realize his goals. Thus, he even used dogs to fear Snowball and other animals, “there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came bounding into the barn. They dashed straight for Snowball, who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws” (Orwell 48). Napoleon could not support his leadership with the other resources, and he used violence to state his high social position. This moment is symbolic to represent the deterioration of any Socialist principles declared at Animal Farm.

The next significant passage is about judging Snowball as a scapegoat. This moment is important to describe the reality of Animal Farm and make the reader think about the Soviet Union. Snowball was accused of any crime at the farm only because he did not support Napoleon. Thus, “If a window was broken or a drain was blocked up, someone was certain to say that Snowball had come in the night and done it” (Orwell 66). This situation is the first step in persecution of ‘suspicious’ animals who were killed because of possible relations with Snowball. Thus, the authorities used all the cruel methods to justify and support their regime while violating the basic principles of their ideologies.

The setting of the novella is imaginary Manor Farm located in England. This place becomes the communal territories owned by the animals after the Animal Revolution. The time period associated with the described events is not stated clearly. Animal Farm becomes the place where animals live according to the principles of Animalism and equality of all the animals. These equal animals have the only enemy in men who previously exploited them (Orwell 4).

Concentrating on the allegorical meaning of the novella, it is possible to note that the setting of the story is the Soviet Union after the period of the Russian Revolution in 1917 and during the rule of Joseph Stalin. The setting can be considered as affecting the plot significantly because all the described events occur at Animal Farm where animals try to develop the communal way of life. This farm becomes the place where the pigs win the people and receive the power.

It is possible to state that the story could be told in a different setting, but the features of the fable can be lost because the main distinctive feature of the novella is its allegorical character. While putting the characters of the novella in the real-life setting, it is possible to discuss the moments from the history of the Soviet Union without using any allegories and metaphors in order to accentuate the dramatic features of the regime. That is why, this story about the corrupted leaders and exploited workers presented in a different setting can be discussed as ineffective to reveal the author’s main idea.

The main characters of the novella are Napoleon, Snowball, Boxer, Squealer, and Old Major. The character of Napoleon is based on the personality of Joseph Stalin. This ambitious pig tries to become a leader at Animal Farm after the death of Old Major. Napoleon uses all the means to achieve the goal, and these means are mostly persuasive speeches and unlimited violence. As a result, Napoleon can be described as a political tyrant.

The character of Snowball is based on the personality of Leon Trotsky, the main rival of Joseph Stalin in the Soviet Union. Snowball is an idealist, and he also wants to become a leader at Animal Farm, but he fails because of avoiding the use of extremely violent means and because of basing only on clear reasoning. That is why, Napoleon makes Snowball to become a scapegoat in order to receive the opportunity to cope with the smart competitor.

Boxer is a cart-horse who represents the working class at Animal Farm. Boxer works hard in order to contribute to the farm’s intensive development. He is loyal, strong, naïve, and dedicated to the ideals of Animalism. Boxer can be discussed as motivated by the belief in the better future and achievements of the working animals.

Squealer is a pig who develops the active propaganda at Animal Farm in order to support Napoleon’s ideas and personality (Orwell 20). This pig speaks in a language that is understandable for other animals, and he is motivated by possible Napoleon’s appraisal.

Old Major is an old pig whose character is written basing on the personalities of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. Old Major is rather wise, and he is focused on finding better ways for living at farm while avoiding the exploitation of the animals as the lower class (Orwell 3-4).

The character to whom it is possible to relate oneself is Boxer. This cart-horse is the appropriate choice because he discusses the hard work as the only way to build the better future, and he tries to inspire the others to do their best to create something good.

The novella is based on the description of the problematic relationships between Napoleon and Snowball. These pigs are rivals in their fight for leadership at Animal Farm. In spite of the fact that both Napoleon and Snowball orient to receiving the unlimited leadership and influence, the methods which they use to complete the goals are different. That is why, Napoleon who uses violence and fear becomes more powerful than Snowball who uses reasoning. Although Napoleon and Snowball start applying the ideals of Animalism to the regime at Animal Farm as a team, they need more leadership after the death of Old Major. These relations are typical for the ruling class where the fight for power is not only extreme but also prolonged.

The other type of relationships is described with references to workers Boxer and Benjamin. Orwell describes these animals’ relations the following way, “the two of them usually spent their Sundays together in the small paddock beyond the orchard, grazing side by side and never speaking” (Orwell 4). The horse and the donkey represent different visions and attitudes to the world and situation, but they live to support each other. Boxer can be described as more enthusiastic and positive while discussing the ideals of Animalism. Benjamin is more passive in spite of the fact that he understands the real situation at Animal Farm. Benjamin chooses not to do anything to fight cruelty of Napoleon’s regime. Thus, this character represents the visions of the majority in the Soviet Union.

The narrative point used in Animal Farm is third-person, and this point of view can be discussed as impersonal and omniscient because Orwell is not presented as a character in the work. First, it seems that the narrator’s perspective is limited, but then it can be found that readers know more than animals which are discussed in the story. Thus, the anonymous narrator not only retells the actions of the animals, but he also presents the motives and thoughts of such characters as Napoleon, Squealer, Boxer, and Benjamin (Orwell 3-14). As a result, this perspective can affect the way according to which the story is told and understood by the reader. The used approach helps accentuate the differences observed in the pigs’ words and their actions toward horses and other animals who work hard to support the commune.

The narrator can also be described as detached, and there are more opportunities for the author to present and develop the allegorical meaning of the novella while focusing on the real motivation of such characters as Napoleon and Squealer while comparing their words, thoughts, and actions with the activities of the other animals at the farm (Orwell 58-64). This point of view is effective to be used in the allegorical novella because the reader can understand all the hidden meanings of the described activities and words while referring to the narrator’s ironical remarks and hints. That is why, the choice of the perspective is rather appropriate to address the idea or message of this satirical story.

The ending of the novella can be discussed as appropriate to represent the result of corruption of the ideals and principles developed at Animal Farm. Thus, animals betrayed their ideals because of the benefits of working with their human enemies. However, the last scene demonstrates that animals and men have many features in common because of their focus on cheating, exploiting, and expanding only their own properties. The quarrel between animals’ leaders and people observed by the other animals through windows of the house reveals that “the creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again; but already it was impossible to say which was which” (Orwell 118). Thus, Orwell effectively stresses on how tyrants can use the ideals against the lower classes and support their power with the methods used by the previous leaders.

Animal Farm should be recommended for reading to others because this allegorical novella is helpful to understand the nature of the totalitarian regimes which can be based on the effective ideals. Furthermore, the novella is interesting to help readers become detached from the historical reality associated with the Russian Revolution and look at the events from the other perspective. The satirical anti-utopian story makes the reader think about the true nature of many things observed in different types of the society. In his work, Orwell effectively discussed the threats of the totalitarian regimes which can be corrupted because of the aspects of the human nature. That is why, the novella can be actively recommended to the readers to look at the political events from the perspective of the satirical fable.

Orwell, George. Animal Farm. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1990. Print.

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Themes and Analysis

Animal farm, by george orwell.

'Animal Farm' is a political allegory based on the events of the Russian revolution and the betrayal of the cause by Joseph Stalin.

Article written by Mizpah Albert

M.A. in English Literature and a Ph.D. in English Language Teaching.

The novel echoes the corrupting nature of power through the themes and symbols. It is a satire on totalitarianism and dictatorship.

Animal Farm Themes

Totalitarianism.

Orwell’s use of Totalitarianism as the theme demonstrates, without education and true empowerment of the lower classes, any revolution led would only be led into oppression and tyranny. Initially, the results of the revolution look promising, as the animals get the direct benefit of their labor. Soon, the pigs adopt human ways and make business deals with farmers that benefit them alone. But, only negative changes happen in the life of the other animals. Still, they continue to work as their leader Napoleon bid them. In the end, the revolutionary leaders become as corrupt and incompetent as the government they overthrew.

Power of Language

Language has the power to engage and disengage. In Animal form, Orwell excellently depicts the power of language through the pigs, only animals with a strong command of language. In the beginning, singing “Beasts of England,” taught by the Old Major, infuses the emotional response.

Also, Snowball compiles the philosophy of Animalism and with his eloquent speech persuades his fellow animals on the farm to follow it. Similarly, Squealer with his adept skill of oration controls the animals on the farm. At the same time, the animals’ adoption of slogans like “Napoleon is always right” or “Four legs good, two legs bad” underlines their lack of understanding and easy to be manipulated nature.

Class structures

From time immemorial class division seems to be a major issue of human society. George Orwell comments on the same through the class division in ‘ Animal Farm ‘ before and after the revolution. He ironically presents the human tendency to have class structures even though they speak of total equality. When the story begins, class division is evident with the human beings being on top of every animal as the rulers of Manor Farm.

During the revolution, they vow not to treat any animal inferior. Soon it all changes, when the pigs, so-called “brain workers”, assume the role of leader and superiors start to control other animals. Evidently, Orwell points out the threat the class division imposes on society when they aim to have democracy and freedom.

Power leading to corruption

“Power leading to corruption” is another major theme Orwell explores in ‘ Animal Farm ’. Many of the characters, predominantly the pigs after the humans demonstrate the theme in the novel. Initially, humans exploit their power over animals. Later following the revolt, the pigs start to fill in the gap created by the eviction of man. They manipulate their position of leadership to exploit other animals. Though Napoleon is presented as the villain of the novel, neither Snowball nor the Old Major is immune to corruption.

As brain workers, the pigs, including Snowball, take advantage of the animal and keeps milk and apple away for them. Even Old Major, who brings forth the idea “all animals are equal,” lecturing from a raised platform, symbolically presents an idea of him being above the other animals on the farm. Altogether, it is made clear that the desire for power, evidently corrupt people.

The Failure of Intellect

Orwell presents a sceptical view on intellect that doesn’t produce anything of importance. In the novel, the pigs, identified as the most intelligent animals, use their intelligence only to exploit other animals than making their life better. Similarly, Benjamin, who is good, acts indifferent towards using the knowledge and speaks philosophically of moral values. Also, the dogs, equally intelligent like the pigs, don’t use their knowledge except to read “the Seven Commandments”. Thus, intelligence is often being unused or ill-used.

The Exploitation of Working Class

‘ Animal Farm ‘ more than being an allegory of the ways humans exploit and oppress one another, throws light upon how they exploit and oppress animals. In the first chapter, through Old Major’s speech, we get a detailed picture of how humans exploit the animals and rob them of their productions.

Also, in the second chapter, when the animals break open the harness-room at the end of the stables, they see “the bits, the nose-rings, the dog-chains, the cruel knives” with which Mr Jones extracted cruelty on the animals. Much like this, during the conversation between Mr Pilkington and Napoleon in chapter 10, he loosely comments “If you have your lower animals to contend with […] we have our lower classes!” Ultimately, it gives a perspective that, in the views of the ruling class, animals and workers are the same.

Analysis of Key Moments in Animal Farm

• Old Major shares his dream of a life without humans. He also teaches the animals “Beasts of England” a song that inspires them.
• Few months after the Old Major’s death, the revolt breaks out when Mr Jones forgets to feed the animals and a fed-up cow pushes her way into the store-shed to look for food. The animals rejoice in their victory. They change the name of the farm to ‘Animal Farm’ and decide on seven commandments to live by.
• The animals are happy and they work well together more efficiently than Mr Jones ever did. Boxer, the horse, puts in a huge effort, with the motto ‘I will work harder!’.
• The Battle of the Cowshed establishes Snowball as a hero. He also sets up ‘committees’ focused on education, reading and writing.
• Napoleon, however, thinks educating the old animals is a waste of time. He focuses on the youngsters and removes the puppies of Jessie and Bluebell, to educate himself which foreshadows his guile nature.  
• At one point, Napoleon drives Snowball out of the Farm with the help of the puppies, who are now grown-up dogs. But, Squealer convinces the other animals that Snowball was a traitor.
• Napoleon announces himself to be the leader. And, he keeps making changes in the seven commandments. Finally, they have only one commandment that says, “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.”
• Later, he announces that the farm will be trading with neighboring farms. This comes as a shock to the animals as it goes against their commandments of Animalism.
• In the final image, the animals in the Farms are confused and bewildered when they realize that they cannot tell the difference between man and pig. Both have been sublimated into each other.

Style, Tone, and Figurative Language

The style and language of  ‘ Animal Farm ‘ are simple as it involves Animal characters. The dialogues are delivered in short sentences, including the conclusion of the novel: “It was a pig walking on his hind legs […] He carried a whip in his trotter” (Chapter 10).  Further, Orwell has written the sentences in the passive voice, emphasizing the characters (animals) lack of control over the incidents that are happening.

To speak about the tone, it is playful and lighthearted in the beginning. It opens like any other fable where the animals could speak. Also, a tint of excitement could felt, as the animals win over their human suppressers and have hope for a beautiful future of their own. Soon, the tone turns bitter and monotonous in accordance with the story unfolds.

Two of the dominant figurative language use in ‘ Animal Farm ‘ is “onomatopoeia” and “Allusion”. Orwell employs animal sounds and movements to describe the actions. For example, while “stirring” and “fluttering” speaks of their movement, “cheeping feebly” and “grunting” explains their way of communications. 

‘ Animal Farm ,’ being an allegorical novel, alludes to Russian Revolution, through its settings and characters.  The character of the Old Major, Snowball, and Napoleon, alludes respectively to Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, and Stalin. Also, the events following the revolution: Battle of the Cowshed, Snowball being chased off the Farm, and the slaughter of the hens allude to Trotsky’s exile and the Moscow trials of 1936-38.  Though, the character of Napoleon is an allusion to Joseph Stalin, Russia’s totalitarian dictator, his name attributes to Napoleon Bonaparte, the French world conqueror.

Analysis of Symbols

‘ Animal Farm ’ uses symbols prevalently as it is more than a story of animals. From the Farm to the animals represent the People and events of the Russian Revolution. Unlike a narrative fiction in which the author decides on which events or characters to highlight, here he carefully standardized his plot to evoke the desired response from the readers. are not driven by the plot as in. Instead, his choices are carefully calibrated to evoke a desired response from the reader.

“Whiskey” symbolizes corruption in the novel. The changing perspective of the pigs over, consuming Whiskey delineates how steadily they fall prey to corruption. In the beginning, when Animalism is founded, one of the commandments read: ‛No animal shall drink alcohol.’ For the animals suffered in the hands of humans. But, when Napoleon and the other pigs come to enjoy whiskey, they change the commandment ‛No animal shall drink alcohol to excess’. Finally, when Napoleon uses the money received by selling Boxer, embodies his corrupted nature similar to that of human beings.

The Windmill

The windmill in the novel represents the attempt to modernize Russia. Initially, when Snowball proposes the idea of a Windmill, Napoleon protests against it. Later, he claims it as his own idea. Also, the product coming out inferior in quality refers to the general ineptitude of Stalin’s regime.

Boxer’s character in the novel symbolizes the Russian working class. With his strength, he does most of the work on the farm. Similarly, the working-class people of the Soviet Revolution were exploited for their energy. Like Boxer and the other animals betrayed by the pigs, the people were betrayed by the intellectuals. On the whole, communism was not as beneficial for the working class as it was originally intended to be.

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About Mizpah Albert

Mizpah Albert is an experienced educator and literature analyst. Building on years of teaching experience in India, she has contributed to the literary world with published analysis articles and evocative poems.

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A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more. For select classroom titles, we also provide Teaching Guides with discussion and quiz questions to prompt student engagement.

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Use these essay questions as writing and critical thinking exercises for all levels of writers, and to build their literary analysis skills by requiring textual references throughout the essay.

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Student Prompt: Write a short (1-3 paragraph) response using one of the bulleted outlines below. Cite details from the text over the course of your response that serve as examples and support.

1. Animal Farm is an allegorical novel in which Orwell explores the history of Soviet communism.

• According to you, does Orwell posit that the Bolshevik Revolution was a good idea betrayed by bad leaders, or that the communist system is bad at its core? ( topic sentence )
• What are the communist ideals that find parallels in Animalism, in the book? How are these ideals executed, and why do they fail? Illustrate with examples from the text.
• In your conclusion, succinctly summarize your argument and present your position regarding your chosen side of the question in the topic sentence.

2. Through Animal Farm , Orwell reimagines the classic beast fable in a 20th century context.

• Why might Orwell have chosen the format of an animal fable for his satire of the Soviet Union? ( topic sentence )

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10 Activities for Teaching Animal Farm

Animal Farm is such an “easy” read, but it’s also important and packed with themes and civics-related topics to discuss. If you’re looking for new ideas for teaching Animal Farm, read on. I’m excited to share these 10 activities with you.

1. Group Research Project

Instead of having a bunch of independent work for students to complete, get them into groups to share the load of research. This is perfect for switching up the monotony of worksheets and independent work. You can also use this as a differentiated option if you have students who may benefit from tackling research as a group rather than on their own. My group research project includes a final project of 5 paragraph essay with MLA formatting and a PowerPoint presentation. It’s an engaging option to set the historical context before reading Animal Farm OR you can use it as an extension activity after the novel.

2. Vocabulary Study

Having a grasp on the vocabulary is an important place to start with novel studies. Building useful vocabulary skills is honestly just something I feel is important in general for not only making meaningful connections, but it’s something students can continue to use beyond the unit. If you’re adding a vocabulary unit to your Animal Farm unit, consider this resource full of puzzles, quizzes, differentiated columns, and vocabulary terms for each chapter. 

3. Chapter Writing Prompts

Second to vocabulary, I like to focus on characters. There are a lot of ways to go about character studies, but being an allegory, Animal Farm has a lot of great depth. Engage students with a variety of activities and writing prompts. Studying characters from a variety of angles is a great way to make sure students understand, and that you are helping students who need differentiated instruction. There are a lot of different activities you can do for character studies. You can look at rhetorical analysis, characterization, argument writing, allegory, and irony. I have an engaging writing prompt activity that covers all this and more. 

4. Argument Essay

Being able to construct a good argument essay means students can investigate a topic, collect and evaluate their evidence, and establish a concise position. The allegory of Animal Farm is such a perfect novel to study argument writing and let students write their own. Check out this final argument essay that includes 2 rubrics and peer editing options, as well as essay outlines, graphic organizers, and a thesis generator to aid students in nailing the argument essay. 

5. Speech Study

Major’s speech is a pivotal moment in Animal Farm. It is what inspires the rebellion and brings the animals together. His rhetorical skill is a perfect example to study speeches and help students understand ethos, pathos, and logos. If you’re not sure where to begin with a speech study project, I have five different activities that I use to help students understand and analyze Major’s speech. My packet includes excerpts for annotating, worksheets for key ideas, and explanations of ethos, pathos, logos, and the rhetorical triangle. 

6. Character Analysis

Back to the characters with an analysis activity. There are so many characters in the novel and they all stand-in for the broader metaphor. Put together an analysis activity that will help students keep track of the characters and their purpose, as well as any other notes they may need to understand the text deeply. Think about the characterization from all angles. You can have students focus on whether characters are round or flat, static or dynamic, the main conflict for the character, and whether they are an antagonist or protagonist. But you can also go deeper and look at emotional development and motivation from the beginning of the novel to the end. Find both of these analysis options here . 

7. Sticky Note Analysis

I’m a little bit obsessed with the sticky notes. First, they are super fun to bring out. There are color and shape options to offer variety to students. They offer a level of interaction. They are also a great way to guide students to be concise with their wording and thoughts when completing activities. Check out my Sticky Note Literary Analysis Activities for 11 organizers that can be used at any point in the novel. These are so perfect to help scaffold literary analysis. Five of my organizers also include built-in writing prompts. 

8. Interactive Bookmarks

Looking for something simple and compact? Literally? Use bookmarks. They fit in the book and so serve a purpose as a bookmark. If students have their novels with them in class, they already have their work with them too. You can use a bookmark to study characters, list important quotes, create timelines of events, answer quiz questions, and more. I personally love this foldable bookmark that houses a variety of activities. I use three different bookmarks over the course of Animal Farm. Each is double-sided and has space for all of my activities. You can see it in action here .

9. Short Responses and Task Cards

When you have task cards or short response activities, it opens up a variety of activities you can use. You can have students work on each aspect independently or in groups. You can easily adjust the wording to scaffold the learning for students. If you want students to get up and more around, you can make the task cards a gallery walk on craft paper. You can graffiti wall any short writing response. You can put questions on strips glued to Jenga tiles and have students play the game and answer as they go. This resource includes six detailed and higher-level response questions in a couple of different formats: writing task cards, discussion task cards, and paper-saving handouts. 

10. Self-Graded Quizzes

Oh yeah, self-grading quizzes . I created these to run on Google Forms, and each chapter has a quiz. If you’re looking for something different to assess if students read the chapters, or you need some assessments for students working remotely, go grab this resource. It really takes the pressure off handling paper materials (also a great option if you’re looking for a greener classroom), it’s quick and super-efficient. Did I mention it also gathers the data into a Google Sheet for you? Still needing a paper option? Don’t worry, the resource comes with this option as well. 

I love adding to my own toolbox with ideas to spruce up novel studies. What are your favorite activities when working with Animal Farm that your students love?

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Background of the novella.

George Orwell wrote this novel to warn the people against the impacts and perils of Stalinism and totalitarian government.  This novel got published at the end of World War II. The book is an allegory and all the characters symbolize different historical characters. The original title of this allegorical novella was Animal Farm: A Fairy Tale. But when it was published in the United States, the subtitle A Fairy Tale was dropped.

When they are liberated from the dictator Jones, life on the homestead is useful for some time and there is a promise for a more joyful eventual fate of less work, better training and more nourishment. However, conflict arises as Napoleon and Snowball battle for the leadership of animals on the homestead. Napoleon holds onto power forcibly and winds up abusing the animals similarly as Farmer Jones does. The story closes with the pigs acting and dressing like the people which the animals expel from the farm.

Setting of the Novella

Historical background, animal farm summary, chapter 1 summary.

Mr. Jones is the owner of the animal farm. Mr. Jones is heavily drunk and he hardly makes it to bed. As he goes towards the bed, the animals start to make noise and bustle because they are to hold a grand meeting on the farm. The agenda of the meeting is to have a discussion about the strange dream of the Old Major. The animals are slowly showing up in the barn.

Chapter 2 Summary

Chapter 3 summary.

The pigs help in making a room for study where trade is studied. Some Committees are made including The Clean Tails League, Re-Education Committee, and Egg Production Committee. But the committees are unable to produce the results. The animals do not have good intelligence and are unable to remember the seven features of Animalism so one basic commandment is made for them and it is “four legs good and two legs bad.”

Chapter 4 Summary

Chapter 5 summary.

In the winter, the animals feel that Mollie is not performing the assigned duties. Mollie is also sympathetic towards humans and usually talks to humans at the borders of Animal Farm. It is also noted that Mollies has sugar and ribbon stash. After some time, Mollies disappears from the farm.

Snowball suggests that animals will be able to complete the windmill in a year but Napoleon thinks that all the animals might die in one year if they do not focus on the production of food.  Some of the animals start chanting for the windmill, while the other chant for food production. Benjamin is the only animal who thinks that both plans are beneficial for animals.

In the meeting, the animals are not allowed and the pigs decide the schedule for the next week. Napoleon starts dictating all the other animals and decides that he will not only complete the windmill but will also carry out other welfare plans for the animals too.

Chapter 6 Summary

Chapter 7 summary.

After a few days Napoleon orders for the assembly. He is wearing the awards of the battles. Some of the pigs have opposed the ideas of Napoleon and the dogs of Napoleon drag them out from the crowd. The pigs are forced to tell the animals of their activities and they confess that they are plotting with Snowball to take over the farm. They also confess that they have destroyed the windmill with the help of Snowball. Napoleon orders to kill the pigs and similarly some other animals are killed too. After the assembly, the animals are terrified and the Squealer comes to announce that the anthem of the Animal Farm is replaced with the new anthem by Napoleon.

Chapter 8 Summary

Chapter 9 summary, chapter 10 summary, animal farm characters analysis.

He is the leader who is corrupt and feeds on the production of his subjects providing them nothing of benefit. For Orwell, Napoleon represents Napoleon Bonaparte. In the novel, the pig Napoleon represents Stalin because he also changed his policies and orders frequently.

Benjamin also stands for Orwell himself because Orwell too remained pessimistic due to the political scenario and the totalitarian governments.

Boxer is the male horse that lives on the farm. He is the tallest and strongest of the animals on the farm. His appearance is not very good and his intelligence, too, is of the second class but he is respected for his strength and valor.

After the rebellion, he works more than the other animals. He becomes a supporter of Napoleon because he thinks that he needs to serve fellow animals. For the sake of the betterment of Animal Farm, he works hard and tirelessly.

Boxer is an allegorical representation of the working class or the proletariats in human society. Although they have the strength and power to serve the bourgeoisie yet they lack the mental capabilities which make them understand that they can stand for their own rights.

This class of people does not understand the actual tactics of the propagandist governments and they suffer throughout their lives.

Frederick is the owner of Pinchfield. Pinchfield is a small farm in the surroundings of the Manor Farm. He has a good business and is usually busy with legal issues. He makes a deal with Napoleon for the purchasing of timber but he cheats the animals by giving them unreal notes of banks.

He is also a leader in the pigs. He is a young pig. He is an intelligent character but the only shortcoming in his character is that he does not have political depth which Napoleon possesses.

He is a solicitor and works as an agent for the animals to make deals with the surrounding farms and human beings. He takes his commission from Napoleon. He makes visits to the animal farm on every Monday. He does not bother himself with injustices of the animal farm rather he is interested in his commission.

Themes in Animal Farm

Education used for oppression.

This shows that they are also opportunists. The education and the intelligence of pigs permit them to subdue the rest of the animals of the farm. At the end of the book, the readers witness Napoleon’s arrangements for the education of a new generation of pigs so that they could continue to subdue the animals of the farm.

Violence as a tool of Suppression

The executions represent the Great Purge and the Red Terror, yet they stand for the maltreatment of intensity. For instance, they are like the open executions of Taliban in Kabul, Afghanistan.

The death penalty for crooks is a fervently discussed issue. Executing lawbreakers like Napoleon is another issue. The executions symbolize the Trails of Moscow which Stalin arranged to make the people afraid. The traitors were forced to confess so that they could be executed.

The return of Mr. Jones is a serious risk because it kills the interests of animals in questioning. The other significant case of dread strategies in the novel is the danger of Snowball and his colleagues. Napoleon uses Snowball`s return as the cause of fear because he makes them believe that his return is dangerous. Snowball is a more awful danger than Jones since Jones is at any rate securely out of Animal Farm. Snowball is demonstrated to be sneaking along the boundaries of Animal Farm.

Class Stratification

The novel sheds light on the fact the various animals representing various classes are one against the enemy but once the peril of elimination and enemy is eliminated, the unity of the classes goes away and they start dividing themselves into different groups.

Once Mr. Jones is removed from the leadership of the farm, a run for leadership is shown among the animals of the farm and Napoleon being the main manipulator becomes the leader to exploit all the animals. The animals divide themselves as the working class and the other class who control the working class. The pigs are classified into the class that holds all the privileges and the rest of the animals on the farm constitute the working class and they work tirelessly. This class is given no proper food and shelter while the pigs enjoy every luxury of the farm.

Naive Working Class and its dangers

Boxer states that Napoleon is always right and this is a clear indication which gives Napoleon more strength and power to subdue this class of animal. This novel manifests that the inability of the oppressed increases the suffering of this class because they are unable to make progress in order to free themselves from the tyrant and cruel masters.

Animal Farm is profoundly doubtful about the estimation of scholarly movement. The pigs are distinguished as the canniest creatures. However, their insight rarely delivers anything of significant worth.

Animal Exploitation by Humans

The novella proposes that there is a genuine association between the abuse of creatures and the misuse of human specialists. Mr. Pilkington jokes to Napoleon that on the off chance that you have your lower creatures to fight with we have our lower classes. From the perspective of the decision class, creatures and laborers are the equivalents.

Animal Farm Analysis

Stalinism satirized.

This novel is a satire of extremist governments of totalitarian governments in their numerous pretenses. Orwell formed this book for an explicit reason: to stand as a cautionary tale of warning against Stalinism.

Therefore, he was unable to publish this book because the Allies were helping out the Soviet Union. Although the book got ready for publishing yet Orwell could not get any publisher for the book to publish it. The characters of this novel portray some authentic figures and various groups of Imperial Russian and Soviet society. The Major stands for Karl Marx, the Boxer for the workers, Napoleon stands for Joseph Stalin, Frederick for Adolf Hitler, and Snowball stands for Leon Trotsky.

Regardless of this fantasy story composed for satirizing some of the events Soviet history Orwell is less concerned about other events of history. For instance, the killing in Chapter VII associates the Great Purge and the Red Terror. The executions are the representation of these events. Squealer’s declarations that the executions have finished the Rebellion associate them to the time of the Red Terror.

Napoleon Analyzed

From the initial points in the novella, Napoleon rises as a person who is always in search of opportunities for corruption.  Napoleon never makes a solitary commitment by participating actively in the Revolution, not to the definition of its belief system, not to the grisly battle that it requires, not to the new society’s underlying endeavors to build up itself. He never shows enthusiasm for the quality of Animal Farm itself, just in the quality of his control over it.

One by one, he changes all the seven commandments of Animalism for his own benefits. It is a demonstration of Orwell’s intense political insight that Napoleon can without much of a stretch represent any of the extraordinary despots and political rascals in world history, even the individuals who emerged after Animal Farm was composed. In the conduct of Napoleon and his partners in crime, one can identify the lying and tormenting strategies of authoritarian pioneers, for example, Mao, Josip Tito, Augusto Pinochet, Pol Pot and Milosevic are treated in a very corrosive manner.

Some Animals are more equal than others

Animal Farm demonstrates that the intelligence of the pigs is not the main tool through which they control the other animals of the farm because pigs do not produce anything that is beneficial for the animals of the farms.

Power Corrupts

Failure of the farm.

While the pigs are blessed with the food, drinks and luxury, the rest of the animals are hand to mouth on the farm.  When the animals come to a stage of life where they are of no use, the pigs sell them and enjoy the whiskeys over the money received.

After the publicly killing of four pigs, three sheep, three hens, and a goose, the residents of the animal farm realize that something is going wrong with the sixth commandments.  They come to know that the sixth commandment of Animalism is changed from No Animal shall kill any other animal to no animal shall kill any other animals without a cause. 

Propaganda as a tool for exploitation

Thus, in Orwell’s Animal Farm where animals take control of the far and set their own state in function. Napoleon, a pig, and his main propagandist, Squealer, subdue the animals completely. The use of propaganda by various characters reflects Russia in the reign of Stalin’s imperious guideline.

Generally, he turns into Squealer`s pawn. Since Squealer can’t reach everywhere anytime, he abuses Boxer’s numbness and reliability to certify Napoleon’s concern for animals of the farm. Fighter does this subliminally; he controls the animals for Napoleon without being aware of it. Through this Orwell suggests that the use of slogans by characters without any resistance spread the ideas very quickly.

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Home — Essay Samples — Literature — Animal Farm — “The Animal Farm”: a Review of Themes and Characters

"The Animal Farm": a Review of Themes and Characters

• Categories: Animal Farm George Orwell

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Words: 1286 |

Published: Apr 29, 2022

Words: 1286 | Pages: 3 | 7 min read

Table of contents

Animal farm essay outline, animal farm essay example, introduction.

• Brief overview of George Orwell's Animal Farm
• Mention of allegorical nature of the novel
• Introduction to the main themes discussed

Background and Context

• Explanation of the setting and characters in Animal Farm
• Reference to the Russian Revolution as an inspiration for the novel
• George Orwell's purpose in writing the book

Main Themes in Animal Farm

• Exploration of themes such as the corrupting influence of power, propaganda, and manipulation
• Discussion of how these themes are relevant in the modern world

Character Analysis: Napoleon

• Description of Napoleon as an allegory of Joseph Stalin
• Analysis of Napoleon's personality and actions in the novel
• Connection to the theme of power and tyranny

Propaganda and Manipulation

• Examination of propaganda techniques used by leaders in the novel
• Discussion of how propaganda distorts facts and changes history
• Relevance of propaganda in contemporary politics

The Role of Dissent and Education

• Importance of dissent in a society ruled by authoritarian leaders
• Analysis of how ignorance and illiteracy can be exploited by those in power
• The need for an informed and educated public to combat totalitarianism
• Summary of key points discussed in the essay
• Emphasis on the enduring relevance of Animal Farm's themes in today's world

Themes and Characters in "Animal Farm"

Works cited.

• Orwell, G. (1945). Animal Farm. New York, NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
• Bloom, H. (Ed.). (2007). George Orwell's Animal Farm. New York, NY: Infobase Publishing.
• Hynes, S. (2003). Animal Farm: Pastoralism and Politics. The Modern Language Review, 98(2), 322-332.
• Duff, D. (2010). The Pigs in Animal Farm: Power Corruption Metaphor. Journal of Social Sciences, 6(1), 53-61.
• Hartwell, E. (2017). Animal Farm: A Fairy Story for Adults. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction, 58(4), 475-486.
• Forster, G. (2019). The Social and Political Thought of George Orwell : A Reassessment. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis.
• Williams, R. (2018). Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four: The Truth About Truth. Journal of Orwell Studies, 3(1), 7-18.
• Scott, C. (2016). The Development of George Orwell's Animal Farm. Journal of Literary Studies, 32(1), 107-124.
• Bradshaw, D. (2012). From Utopia to Distopia: An Exploration of George Orwell's Animal Farm. The English Journal, 101(2), 51-57.
• Meyers, J. (2007). George Orwell, the Writer: Politics and Literary Form. New York, NY: Routledge.

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'Animal Farm' Themes and Symbols

Political allegory, totalitarianism, corruption of ideals, power of language.

• B.A., English, Rutgers University

George Orwell's Animal Farm is a political allegory about revolution and power. Through the tale of a group of farm animals who overthrow the owner of the farm, Animal Farm explores themes of totalitarianism, the corruption of ideals, and the power of language.

Orwell frames his story as a political allegory; every character represents a figure from the Russian Revolution. Mr. Jones, the original human owner of the farm, represents the ineffective and incompetent Czar Nicholas II. The pigs represent key members of Bolshevik leadership: Napoleon represents Joseph Stalin, Snowball represents Leon Trotsky, and Squealer represents Vyacheslav Molotov. Other animals represent the working classes of Russia: initially passionate about revolution eventually manipulated into supporting a regime that was just as incompetent and arguably more brutal than the previous one.

Orwell argues that any revolution led by a small, conspiratorial group can only degenerate into oppression and tyranny. He makes this argument through the main Animal Farm allegory—that of the farm. The revolution begins with firm principles of equality and justice, and initially, the results are positive, as the animals get to labor for their own direct benefit. However, as Orwell demonstrates, revolutionary leaders can become as corrupt and incompetent as the government they overthrew.

The pigs adopt the human ways they once fiercely opposed (drinking whiskey, sleeping in beds), and they make business deals with farmers that benefit them alone. Meanwhile, the other animals see only negative changes in their lives. They continue to support Napoleon and work harder than ever despite the decline in quality of living. Eventually, the promises of heated stalls and electric light—what they've been working for all along—become fantasy.

Animal Farm suggests that totalitarianism and hypocrisy are endemic to the human condition. Without education and true empowerment of the lower classes, Orwell argues, society will always default to tyranny.

The pigs’ descent into corruption is a key element of the novel. Orwell, a socialist, believed the Russian Revolution had been corrupted by power-seekers like Stalin from the start.

The animals' revolution is initially led by Snowball, the key architect of Animalism; at first, Napoleon is a secondary player, much like Stalin. However, Napoleon plots in secret to seize power and drive Snowball away, undermining Snowball's policies and training the dogs to be his enforcers. The principles of equality and solidarity that inspired the animals become mere tools for Napoleon to seize power. The gradual erosion of these values reflects Orwell’s criticism of Stalin as nothing more than a tyrant hanging onto power through the fiction of a communist revolution.

Orwell doesn’t reserve his vitriol for the leaders, however. The animals representing the people of Russia are depicted as complicit in this corruption through inaction, fear, and ignorance. Their dedication to Napoleon and the imaginary benefits of his leadership enable the pigs to maintain their hold on power, and the ability of the pigs to convince the other animals that their lives were better even as their lives become demonstrably worse is Orwell’s condemnation of the choice to submit to propaganda and magical thinking.

Animal Farm explores how propaganda can be used to control people. From the start of the novel, Orwell depicts the animals being manipulated by common propaganda techniques, including songs, slogans, and ever-changing information. Singing "Beasts of England" evokes an emotional response that reinforces the animals' loyalty to both Animalism and the pigs. The adoption of slogans like Napoleon is always right or four legs good, two legs bad demonstrates their unfamiliarity with the complex philosophical and political concepts underlying the revolution. The constant alteration of the Seven Commandments of Animalism demonstrates how those in control of information can manipulate the rest of a population.

The pigs, who serve as the leaders of the farm, are the only animals with a strong command of language. Snowball is an eloquent speaker who composes the philosophy of Animalism and persuades his fellow beasts with the power of his oratory. Squealer is adept at lying and spinning stories to maintain control. (For example, when the other animals are upset about Boxer’s cruel fate, Squealer quickly composes a fiction to defuse their anger and confuse the issue.) Napoleon, while not as smart or as eloquent as Snowball, is skilled at imposing his own false view on everyone around him, as when he falsely inserts himself into the historical record of the Battle of the Cowshed.

As an allegorical novel, Animal Farm is rife with symbolism. Just as the animals represent individuals or groups from Russian history, the farm itself represents Russia, and the surrounding farms represent the European powers that witnessed the Russian Revolution. Orwell’s choices about which objects, events, or concepts to highlight are not driven by plot as in narrative fiction. Instead, his choices are carefully calibrated to evoke a desired response from the reader.

Whiskey represents corruption. When Animalism is founded, one of the commandments is ‛No animal shall drink alcohol.’ Slowly, however, Napoleon and the other pigs come to enjoy whiskey and its effects. The commandment is changed to ‛No animal shall drink alcohol to excess’ after Napoleon experiences his first hangover and learns how to moderate his whiskey consumption. When Boxer is sold to the Knacker, Napoleon uses the money to purchase whiskey. With this act, Napoleon fully embodies the human qualities against which the animals once revolted.

The windmill represents the attempt to modernize Russia and the general incompetence of Stalin’s regime. Snowball initially proposes the Windmill as a way of improving the farm’s living conditions; when Snowball is driven off, Napoleon claims it as his own idea, but his mismanagement of the project and the attacks from other landowners mean the project takes far longer to complete than expected. The final product is of inferior quality, much like many of the projects undertaken by the Soviets post-revolution. In the end the Windmill is used to enrich Napoleon and the other pigs at the expense of the other animals.

The Commandments

The Seven Commandments of Animalism, written on the barn wall for all to see, represent the power of propaganda and the malleable nature of history and information when the people are ignorant of the facts. The commandments are altered throughout the novel; each time they are changed indicates that the animals have moved even further away from their original principles.

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Animal Farm, by English author George Orwell, is a fable that uses a barnyard setting to represent the Russian Revolution and explores themes of class and power. Read the overview below to gain an understanding of the work and explore the previews of analysis and criticism that invite further interpretation.

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Animal farm topic overview.

"Animal Farm: An Overview." Gale Essential Overviews: Scholarly, Gale, 2015.

In his short novel Animal Farm (1945), English author George Orwell (1903–50) allegorizes the Russian Revolution of 1917, when the tsarist autocracy was pushed out and the Bolsheviks came into power, and the revolution's incremental betrayal of its supporters under dictator Joseph Stalin (1879–1953). Drawing on fable conventions, Orwell tells a farmyard story, casting revolutionary leaders Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924), Leon Trotsky (1879–1940), and Stalin as pigs, which—along with other common farm animals such as horses and hens—rebel against the tyranny of tsar-like farmer Mr. Jones. Set on a small English farm, the novel follows a collective of working animals that, as the pigs exploit them anew, toil pathetically day after day in the belief that they are remaking the farm as a republic.

Orwell wrote Animal Farm toward the end of World War II (1939–45), when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was being hailed by the Allied forces (including the British) for its decisive victories over Nazi Germany at Stalingrad (1942–43) and Kursk (1943). As such, he had difficulty finding a publisher prepared to offend Russian sensibilities. Gollancz and Faber and Faber, among other publishing houses, rejected the book outright. London publisher Jonathan Cape came close to printing it but was persuaded to reject the work by a Ministry of Information official later presumed to have been a Soviet spy. In spite of this reluctance, when it was finally released in England by Secker and Warburg in 1945, the novel was a runaway success, as it was the following year in the United States—no doubt helped by the dissolution of wartime alliances and the first rumblings of the Cold War. Regarded by many as Orwell's finest work, and certainly his first truly popular one, Animal Farm has long been ranked as among the best books of the twentieth century.

Historical and literary context

Following the revolution, the Russian Communist Party recast the former empire as a federation of republics with governments informed by the socialist principles of German philosopher Karl Marx (1818–83). Initially under the leadership of Lenin, Soviet Russia then entered an era of reconstruction, during which it privatized all aspects of the economy and attempted to control any forms of dissent to its Marxist-Leninist goals. After Lenin's death, Stalin effected a coup from within the Communist Party, and, although making a dogma of Marxist-Leninism, he turned the party into a properly totalitarian apparatus. During what is referred to as the Great Purge, millions of enemies of the state were executed or sent to forced-labor camps. Meanwhile, hasty attempts to modernize the peasant agriculture brought on deathly famines. Animal Farm retells this history metaphorically—in the sly maneuverings of the boar, Napoleon, to oust his rivals and take control of the farm; in his forcing the animals to build an electricity-generating windmill, which leaves no time for food production; and in his purges of alleged traitors to the animals' revolution against Mr. Jones.

The novel begins with Lenin (some say Marx or a Lenin-Marx composite), Trotsky, and Stalin figured in the characters of Old Major, Snowball, and Napoleon, respectively—pigs on a farm where animals are bred to produce (like the hens), to labor (like the cart horses), and to be fattened for slaughter (like the pigs). Old Major rouses the animals to rebel against the “tyranny of man,” and the Russian Revolution is satirized as a scrap between Mr. Jones and his animals. The animals, victorious, take over, and with a newfound sense of dignity set about everyday tasks such as harvesting hay. However, the pigs have only just posted the “seven commandments of Animalism,” including the tenet that “all animals are equal,” when they opt out of the hard labor and appropriate exclusively for themselves the comforts of the farmhouse. Here, what culminates in Napoleon's dictatorship tragically inflects the lives of the common animals, who continue to toil in the belief that they are forging Old Major's republic.

Bunt (1924) by Polish novelist Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont (1867–1925) bears a remarkable resemblance to Animal Farm , although it is not clear whether Orwell knew of the work. The novel allegorizes the same revolution with a story of farmyard animals rebelling against their human masters in a struggle for equality that ends in terror and oppression. Orwell's next novel after Animal Farm , Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), offers a comparably symbolic—if more realistic—vision of everyday life impoverished culturally and politically by a Stalinesque regime. The fearful preoccupation with Stalinism also informs Orwell's Homage to Catalonia (1938), a nonfiction account of his experience in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39) fighting for a leftist militia.

In addition to pleasing popular audiences, Animal Farm appealed to political conservatives who recognized its value as a propaganda tool for discouraging socialist affiliations. Thus the Central Intelligence Agency clandestinely funded the 1954 animated film adaptation by John Halas (1912–95) and Joy Batchelor (1914–91), which was also the first feature-length animated film in English cinema history. Critics in the early twenty-first century have been just as attentive to Orwell's politics, yet there has been a greater tendency to acknowledge the novel as a work of politically informed art rather than of mere propaganda.

Themes and style

The grand theme of Animal Farm has to do with the capacity for ordinary individuals to continue to believe in a revolution that has been utterly betrayed. Orwell attempts to reveal how those in power—Napoleon and his fellow pigs—pervert the democratic promise of the revolution. The emotional force of the novel comes from the author's depictions of those ordinary animals who unthinkingly give themselves in good faith to working for the very system by which they are ruthlessly exploited. A case in point is Boxer, one of two cart horses among the pigs' “most faithful disciples.” The horses “had great difficulty in thinking anything out for themselves, but having once accepted the pigs as their teachers, they absorbed everything that they were told, and passed it on to the other animals.” Whether harvesting hay or fetching stones from the quarry, Boxer works harder than any other animal, yet still he adopts the motto “I will work harder.” So selfless is he in his service, in fact, that he works himself close to death. At this point Napoleon, while purporting to send him to the hospital, sells him to the slaughterhouse, then spends the money from his corpse on whiskey for the pigs.

The novel develops according to a recognizable dramatic pattern that underscores the tragedy of what it means to never lose faith in a betrayed revolution. For example, when the animals participate in the so-called Battle of the Cowshed, they witness Snowball decorated as “Animal Hero, First Class” for distinguishing himself in battle against Jones. Napoleon later revises the history with contradictory details—announcing that Snowball actually fought alongside Jones against the animals. When the animals resist the new story, the pig Squealer (a master deceiver) convinces them that their memories are faulty. This pattern of firsthand experience superseded by revisionist propaganda underscores the tragedy, as Orwell sees it, of ordinary individuals who forego their better judgment in letting a totalitarian regime dictate a false reality.

Orwell chose a difficult genre—the fable, often equated with children's literature—to offer a complex critique of one of the most problematic regimes in modern history. He succeeds by capturing both realistically and amusingly the characteristics of many of the animals and by convincing the reader that these characteristics lend themselves, at least metaphorically, to understanding human life in the totalitarian context. Rather than simply mocking his subjects, Orwell suggests that there is indeed something beastly about them: that there is something sheep-like about those who learn dogma by rote (who bleat “two legs bad, four legs good!” or “four legs good, two legs better!” interchangeably), something dog-like about secret police trained to attack on command, and something horse-like about those who unthinkingly give themselves body and soul to the bankrupt cause.

Critical discussion

Animal Farm was released to critical acclaim. Writing for the New York Times , historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. hailed it as “a simple story perhaps, but a story of deadly simplicity … [a] superbly controlled and brilliantly sustained satire.” Not everyone agreed with Schlesinger, however. Writer and critic W. J. Turner, for instance, thought the novel was marred by “pessimism” and accused Orwell of being “grossly unfair to Stalin in his account of him as ‘Napoleon.’” Still, the fact that the novel has been a staple in classrooms for generations suggests that critics like Turner did not have the last say.

Writing in 1989, activist-scholar John Molyneux (1948–) summed up Animal Farm as “probably the most popular and influential piece of literary propaganda produced in English, perhaps in any language, this century.” Molyneux claimed it was “likely that far more people have learned what they know of the fate of the Russian Revolution from here than from any other source.” In his introduction to a 2003 edition of the novel (with Nineteen Eighty-Four ), essayist and critic Christopher Hitchens (1949–2011) confirmed Animal Farm 's distinction as “the twentieth century's most successful satire.” As Hitchens and Molyneux both make clear, although the novel has long appealed to younger readers with scant knowledge of Soviet history, the book's legacy rests on its political force.

Indeed, Orwell scholars continue to read the novel for its political insights. Discussing The Rule of the Pigs , Oleg Minich's 2005 cartoon adaptation of Animal Farm , Olena Nikolayenko insisted in her 2007 essay in PS: Political Science and Politics that the book speaks profoundly to contemporary crises in and for democracy—in Minich's case, in the former Soviet Republic of Belarus. Other twenty-first-century scholars similarly return to Animal Farm to think through enduring political issues. David Dwan, for instance, in an ELH ( English Literary History ) article, considered Orwell's treatment of equality as a means of probing contemporary practices under Western democracy that do not always live up to prevailing ideals. Meanwhile, scholars such as Paul Kirschner have tried to reclaim the text as not only a political but also a literary work, reminding readers of Orwell's own declared intention “to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole.”

• Dwan, David. “Orwell's Paradox: Equality in ‘ Animal Farm .’” ELH: English Literary History 79.3 (2012): 655–83.
• Kirschner, Paul. “The Dual Purpose of ‘ Animal Farm .’” Review of English Studies 55.222 (2004): 759–86.
• Molyneux, John. “ Animal Farm Revisited.” International Socialism Journal 2.44 (1989): 99–112. Print.
• Nikolayenko, Olena. “Web Cartoons in a Closed Society: Animal Farm as an Allegory of Post-Communist Belarus.” PS: Political Science and Politics 40.2 (2007): 307–10.
• Orwell, George. Animal Farm and 1984. Introduction by Christopher Hitchens. New York: Harcourt, 2003. Print.
• Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. “Mr. Orwell and the Communists: His ‘ Animal Farm ’ Is a Compassionate and Illuminating Fable for Our Times.” New York Times 25 Aug. 1946: 124+.
• Turner, W. J. “How It Happened.” Rev. of Animal Farm , by George Orwell. Spectator 17 Aug. 1945: 156–57.

Further Reading

• Cohen, Karl. “The Cartoon That Came in from the Cold.” Guardian . Guardian News and Media , 6 Mar. 2003. Web. 1 July 2014.
• Fadaee, Elaheh. “Symbols, Metaphors, and Similes in Literature: A Case Study of Animal Farm .” International Journal of English and Literature 2.2 (2011): 19–27.
• Leab, Daniel J. Orwell Subverted: The CIA and the Filming of Animal Farm . Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State UP, 2007. Print.
• Letemendia, V. C. “Revolution on Animal Farm : Orwell's Neglected Commentary.” Journal of Modern Literature 18.1 (1992): 127–37.
• Orwell, George. “The Freedom of the Press.” Times Literary Supplement 15 Sept. 1972. Print.
• ———. “Why I Write.” Essays. 1946.London: Penguin, 2007.Print.
• Rodden, John. “Appreciating Animal Farm in the New Millennium.” Modern Age 45.1 (2003): 67–76
• Snyder, C. R. “Hope and the Other Strengths: Lessons from Animal Farm .” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 23.5 (2004): 624–27.

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